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- Step One: Begin by identifying your beliefs.
- Step Two: Conduct a literature review to
(a) find support for your theory,
(b) to consider arguments that oppose your beliefs, &
(c) to broaden ways to think about the construct.
- Step Three: Based on your beliefs, experiences, and a
literature review select a theoretical “lens” to frame what
data you collect, how you
- focus your analysis and
- interpretations, and
- present findings."
A Process for Selecting a
Theoretical Frame for Your
Study:
Discussion: "What would this theory (lens) guide you
as researcher to attend to in a study"
Buendia. E. (2003). Fashioning research stories: The metaphoric and narrative structure of writing research about race. In G. R. Lopez & L. Parker (Eds.), Interrogating racism in qualitative research methodology (pp. 49-70). New York: Peter Lang.de
Mello, D. M. (2007). The language of arts in a narrative inquiry landscape. In D. J. Clandinin (Ed.), Handbook of narrative inquiry: Mapping a methodology (pp. 203-223). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Diamond, C. T. P., & van Halen-Faber, C. (2005). Apples of change: Arts-based methodology as a poetic and visual sixth sense. In C. Mitchell, S. Weber & K. O’Reilly-Scanlon (Eds.), Just who do we think we are? Methodologies for autobiography and self-study in teaching (pp. 81-94). New York: Routledge Falmer
Writing Analysis Approaches: metaphor,image, letter, fiction
Interview Data: images/photos
Transformative Agenda: dialectic/participatory reflexive multivoiced
Interview Nuances: self-labels avoidances absent
Interview Issues
Friend (understanding),
stranger (objectivity), or
both
Power differences
Trust (bias blinds & shapes)
Helping
Researcher self-disclosure
(keep researcher ’ s voice in
transcription) Cues from
interviewee (when, how
much)
Ask, listen, interpret back
what you heard, listen, ask,
etc.
Meaning created by
interviewee (interpretation
through storytelling) and
interviewer. How have both
changed from the interview
sessions?
Verbal Nonverbal Reflections
Identifier:________ Date:______ Time: ______ Page:__
Time
Collecting Interview & Observation Data
Verbatim
[in brackets. note tone & emotion]
Breaking Barriers
that Prevent People
from Speaking for Self:
An Introduction to
Conducting Interviews
“ We cannot speak for others, but we can and must
speak OUT for others ” (Reinharz, 1992, p. 16).
What is the connection between researcher and
those researched? Did the participants have a
role in formulating the research project?
COMMONALITIES of Feminist Interview Strategies:
1. Reflexive methodological discussion
2. Semi-structured interviews
3. Researcher self-disclosure
4. Multiple interviews with same person
5. Provide transcript & ask for reactions
Ethnographic Data Collection Strategies
Record that which is relevant to the foreshadowed problem
statement.
1. Participant observation
2. Ethnographic interview (informal, guided, or standardized)
For a one-hour interview, plan 4 hours to transcribe notes,
recordings, and to elaboration. Plan for this time immediately
after the interview.
3. Artifact collection – focus on the social process that produced the
artifact and the use of the artifact
Strategies of Reciprocity
- Sequential interviews: individual and small group
- Deep probing of research issues
- Negotiate meaning: provide description, analysis, and
conclusions for interviewee comment
- Build empirically rooted theory with participants
- Pay attention to self-labels
- Engage interviewee in ideological critique
Ethnographic Validity
(Through reflexivity & triangulation of data sources, methods, theoretical
schemes & by seeking counter patterns).
- Catalytic Validity: “ represents the degree to which the research process re-orients, focuses and energizes participants toward knowing reality in order to transform it ” (Lather, 1991, p. 68).
- Construct Validity: based in theory, yet the researcher seeks counter-patterns & alternative explanations toward that theory from the emergent categories in data from how the theory is lived or experienced
- Face Validity: “ operationalized by recycling description, emerging analysis, & conclusions back through at least a sub sample of respondents ” (L, p. 67).
- Reciprocity: of data and theory (guards against “ imposition and reification on the part of the researcher ” (L, p. 59).
- Dialectical theory-building: reveal power structures to those researched
- False consciousness : “ is the denial of how our common sense ways of looking at the world are permeated with meanings that sustain our disempowerment ” (L., p. 59).
- Reflexivity: continuously questioning of theoretical frame from analysis of data
Data must be allowed to generate propositions in a dialectical manner that
permits use of a priori theoretical frameworks, but which keeps a particular
framework from becoming the container into which the data must be poured.
The search is for theory which grows out of context-embedded data, not in a
way that automatically rejects a priori theory, but in a way that keeps
preconceptions from distorting the logic of evidence. (Lather, 1991, p. 62)
References:
§ Clandinin, D. J. (Ed.), Handbook of narrative inquiry: Mapping a methodology.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
§ Lal, Jayati (1999). Situating locations: The politics of self, identity, & other in
living and writing the text. In S. Hesse-Biber, C. Gilmartin & R. Lydenberg
(Eds.) Feminist approaches to theory & methodology (pp. 100-125/137). Reder,
NY: Oxford University Press.
§ Lather, Patti (1991). Getting smart: Feminist research and pedagogy with/in
the postmodern. New York: Routledge.
§ Lopez, G. R., & Parker, L. (Eds.), Interrogating racism in qualitative research
methodology. New York: Peter Lang.
§ Mitchell, C., Weber, S., & O ’ Reilly-Scanlon, K. (Eds.), Just who do we think we
are? Methodologies for autobiography and self-study in teaching. New York:
Routledge Falmer.
§ Reinharz, S. (1992). Feminist methods in social research. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Visual Metaphor for Her Research By Norma Moore (1999)
