A Simple Example in VCpp-Assembly Language Programming-Lab Slides, Slides of Assembly Language Programming

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A Simple Example in VC++

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First Glance at Assembly Language

English: Display the sum of A times B plus C.C++: cout << (A * B + C);Assembly Language:mov eax,Amul Badd eax,Ccall WriteInt

Intel Machine Language:A1 00000000F7 25 0000000403 05 00000008E8 00500000

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First Glance at Assembly Language

Low-level language

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Each instruction performs a much lower-level taskcompared to a high-level language instruction

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Most high-level language instructions need more thanone assembly instruction

One-to-one correspondence between assemblylanguage and machine language instructions

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For most assembly language instructions, there is amachine language equivalent

Directly influenced by the instruction set andarchitecture of the processor (CPU)

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Comparisons with High-level Languages

Advantages of Assembly Languages  Space-efficiency (e.g. hand-held device softwares, etc)  Time-efficiency(e.g. Real-time applications, etc )  Accessibility to system hardwares(e.g., Network interfaces, device drivers, video games, etc)

Advantages of High-level Languages  Development  Maintenance (Readability)  Portability (compiler, virtual machine) docsity.com

This Course

Why Taking the Course?

Basic Concepts of

Computer

Organization

Computer Design

System

Software

Computer OrganizationComputer Architecture

Assembler, Linker, Loader

Compiler, Operating System, …

AssemblyLanguage

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Time Comparison

Number of calls (in millions)

Time (seconds)

Multiplication time comparison on a 2.4-GHz Pentium 4 system

C version

ASM version

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Assembly Language

Level 4

Instruction mnemonics that have a one-to-one correspondence to machinelanguage

Calls functions written at the operatingsystem level (Level 3)

Programs are translated into machinelanguage (Level 2)

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Operating System

Level 3

Provides services to Level 4 programs

Translated and run at the instruction setarchitecture level (Level 2)

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Microarchitecture

Level 1

Interprets conventional machineinstructions (Level 2)

Executed by digital hardware (Level 0)

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Digital Logic

Level 0

CPU, constructed from digital logic gates

System bus

Memory

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Accessing Parts of Registers

Use 8-bit name, 16-bit name, or 32-bit name

Applies to EAX, EBX, ECX, and EDX

AH AL 16 bits 8 AX EAX 8 8 bits + 8 bits 32 bits docsity.com

Some specialized register uses

General-Purpose

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EAX – accumulator (automatically used by divisionand multiplication)

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ECX – loop counter

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ESP – stack pointer (should never be used forarithmetic or data transfer)

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ESI, EDI – index registers (used for high-speedmemory transfer instructions)

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EBP – extended frame pointer (stack)

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Status Flags

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Carry (CF)

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unsigned arithmetic out of range

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Overflow (OF)

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signed arithmetic out of range

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Sign (SF)

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result is negative

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Zero (ZF)

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result is zero

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Auxiliary Carry (AC)

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carry from bit 3 to bit 4 in 8-bit operand

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Parity (PF)

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sum of 1 bits in least-significant byte is an evennumber

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Assembly language Statements

Three types of assembly language statements 

Instructions

Directives

Macros

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