Download Urinalysis and Body Fluids Exam Q&A: A Comprehensive Study Guide and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
AAB MT Exam Chem Urinalysis & Body
Fluids Questions and Answers 2026
What consists of the gross renal anatomy? - Correct Answer-Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra What is the anatomy of the Nephron? - Correct Answer-Glomerulus. proximal convoluted tubule, descending Loop of Henle, Ascending Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. What are the 3 primary functions of the kidneys? - Correct Answer-Glomerulur Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion True or False: Cells are filtered through the glomerulus? - Correct Answer-False What is the GFR? - Correct Answer-Volume of blood filtered per minute. What does the glomerulus filter? - Correct Answer-The Blood The fluid that is filtered from the blood in the glomerulus travels to where? - Correct Answer-The nephron The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs what? - Correct Answer-Sodium, Potassium, Bicarbonate, and Water. The proximal convoluted tubule secretes what? - Correct Answer-Hydrogen Ions, Urea, Creatinine, and Uric Acid. What is the primary function of the Loop of Henle? - Correct Answer-To reabsorb water, sodium, and chloride. What is the function of aldosterone in the Distal Convoluted Tubule? - Correct Answer- To increase Sodium re-absorption. Where is aldosterone produced? - Correct Answer-In the adrenal cortex Where is the final site for urine concentration? - Correct Answer-Collecting Duct What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? - Correct Answer-To act on the collecting ducts and stimulate water reabsorption. Where is antidiuretic hormone stored? - Correct Answer-The Posterior Pituitary
What is produced by the kidney? - Correct Answer-Renin, Prostaglandins, and Erythropoietin. The kidney is the target tissue for what? - Correct Answer-Aldosterone and Antidiuretic Hormone What is the most preferred urine collected? - Correct Answer-First morning specimen What is the most common urine specimens? - Correct Answer-Random Specimens First morning urine specimens must be examined when? - Correct Answer-Within 1 hour of collection What happens to a urine sample after one hour? - Correct Answer-The bacteria multiplies, false positives for Nitrate, pH becomes alkaline, casts disintegrate, and red cells are lysed. The physical examination of urine includes? - Correct Answer-Color, appearance, odor, and specific gravity. Urine color, correlates with what? - Correct Answer-Concentration Dark yellow urine is ___________________? - Correct Answer-Concentrated Light yellow urine is _______________? - Correct Answer-Diluted What makes urine yellow? - Correct Answer-Urochrome What causes a dark yellow/amber/orange color in urine? - Correct Answer- Concentration, bilirubin, and pyridium What causes urine to be red in color? - Correct Answer-Hemoglobin and red blood cells. What causes urine to be blackish brown? - Correct Answer-Homogentistic Acid Urine appearance may be reported? - Correct Answer-Clear, Hazy, Cloudy, or Turbid What are common causes of hazy, cloudy, or turbid urine specimens? - Correct Answer-Bacteria, hematuria, mucus, or amorphous crystals. A freshly voided urine should have what type of odor? - Correct Answer-Aromatic Oder A patient with diabetes mellitus may have a urine with what type of odor? - Correct Answer-Fruity Odor
What analytes are commonly examined during the chemical examination of urine? - Correct Answer-pH, Glucose, Protein, Ketones, Nitrite, Leukocyte esterase, Bilirubin, Urobilinogen, and Hemoglobin. What is the normal pH range for urine? - Correct Answer-4.5-8.0 pH What is the principle for the urine pH strip test? - Correct Answer-Double indicator system What is the renal threshold for glucose? - Correct Answer-160-180 mg/dL Does normal urine contain glucose? - Correct Answer-No Glucose is often present in the urine of patients with? - Correct Answer-Diabetes mellitus What is the principle for the urine glucose strip test? - Correct Answer-Double enzymatic reaction What enzymes are in the glucose strip test for urine? - Correct Answer-Peroxidase and Glucose oxidase Clinitest should be performed on who? - Correct Answer-Newborns Why should Clinitest be used in a routine analyses of a newborn's urine? - Correct Answer-Because it can detect galactose (as well as other sugars) What are ketones? - Correct Answer-The breakdown products of lipids. Ketones are normally ___________ in urine. - Correct Answer-Absent Ketones may appear in the urine due to? - Correct Answer-Weight loss, Starvation, and diabetes mellitus What is the principle of the reagent strip test for urine Ketones? - Correct Answer- Sodium Nitroprusside Reaction What does the protein reagent strip measure in urine? - Correct Answer-Albumin True or False: Normal urine is free of proteins. - Correct Answer-True What can cause a false positive for proteins in urine? - Correct Answer-An alkaline pH What test method is used to confirm the presence of protein in urine? - Correct Answer- Sulfosalicyclic Acid
What is the principle behind the urine protein reagent strip test? - Correct Answer- Protein error of indicators A Gram-negative bacillus (e.g. E. coli) can reduce nitrate to what? - Correct Answer- Nitrite True or False: Gram-positive bacillus (Staphyl, Strep, Entero) is unable to reduce nitrate to nitrite. - Correct Answer-True What is the principle for the reagent strip test for Nitrite? - Correct Answer-Griess's Reaction What can cause false negatives in the reagent strip test for urine nitrite? - Correct Answer-Inadequate incubation of urine in bladder A positive esterase urine test indicates? - Correct Answer-White Blood cells in the urine When are WBCs typically seen in urine? - Correct Answer-During an infection A purple color in the urine esterase test is? - Correct Answer-Positive (WBCs present) What is Bilirubin? - Correct Answer-A breakdown product of hemoglobin degradation. Is urine bilirubin present in pre-hepatic jaundice? - Correct Answer-No Increased amounts of urobilinogen occurs during? - Correct Answer-Pre-hepatic Jaundice Urine bilirubin and urobilinogen increases during what disease state - Correct Answer- Hepatic Jaundice What is an example of post hepatic jaundice? - Correct Answer-Bile duct obstruction Increased urine bilirubin and normal urobilinogen levels indicate? - Correct Answer-Post hepatic Juandice What is the principle for the urine bilirubin reagent strip test? - Correct Answer-The Diazo Reaction What is urine bilirubin broken down to? - Correct Answer-Urobilinogen Where is Uroblininogen produced? - Correct Answer-The intestines (bacteria breaks down Bilirubin)
Clue cells are indicative of? - Correct Answer-G. vaginalis Urine with may epithelial cells is considered to be? - Correct Answer-Contaminated An increased amount of transitional epithelial cells indicates? - Correct Answer-An invasive urological procedure (catheter specimen) A small amount of transitional epithelial cells in the urine is considered to be? - Correct Answer-Normal Transitional epithelial cells originated from? - Correct Answer-Lining cells for the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and upper portion of urethra. Renal tubular epithelial cells are almost ___________ clinically significant. - Correct Answer-Always Where do the Renal tubular epithelial cells originate from? - Correct Answer-Proximal and Distal convoluted tubules. What is the cause of renal tubular epithelial cells in urine? - Correct Answer-Tubular necrosis, acute pyelonephritis, rejection of a transplant, and acute glomerulonephritis. When are oval fat bodies observed in urine? - Correct Answer-Nephrotic syndrome Describe the appearance of oval fat bodies? - Correct Answer-Highly retractile RTE cells contain fat and form maltese cross under polarized light. When is bacteria in urine clinically significant? - Correct Answer-In the presence of WBCs (indicating an infection) What fungi can be present in urine? - Correct Answer-Budding yeast and branching mycelium. Patients with diabetes mellitus and vaginal yeast infections may have what in their urine? - Correct Answer-Budding yeast cells or mycelium What are four parasites found in the urine? - Correct Answer-Trichomonas vaginalis, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Schistosoma haematobium. This urine parasite has a pear shaped flagellate? - Correct Answer-Trichomonas vaginalis This urine parasite has a bread shaped ova and results from fecal contamination? - Correct Answer-Enterobius vermicularis
This rhabdiform larvae appears in urine contaminated with feces? - Correct Answer- Strongyloides stercoralis This urine parasite is commonly known as a blood fluke? - Correct Answer-Schistosoma haematobium If urine has casts in it, the protein test should be? - Correct Answer-Positive Red blood cell's casts appear in the urine during? - Correct Answer-Acute Glomerulonephritis and strenuous exercise A urine with Red blood cell casts should be positive for? - Correct Answer-Protein and occult blood What infection would cause white blood cell casts to appear in the urine? - Correct Answer-Acute pyelonephritis and acute interstitial nephritis When WBC casts are noted in the urine, what other tests should be positive? - Correct Answer-Protein and esterase Bacterial casts in urine occur in patients with? - Correct Answer-Pyelonephritis If bacterial casts are noted in the urine, what other tests should be positive? - Correct Answer-Protein and nitrite When can granular casts be seen in the urine? - Correct Answer-Stress, strenuous exercise, acute glomerulonephritis, and pyelonephritis Why are waxy casts clinically significant? - Correct Answer-Because the urine stopped flowing in the nephrons, chronic glomerulonephritis, and chronic renal failure. When are fatty casts noted in the urine? - Correct Answer-Nephrotic syndrome and Tubular necrosis Fatty casts should correlate with what other urine test? - Correct Answer-Positive protein test and oval fat bodies. Broad casts are seen in the urine of what conditions? - Correct Answer-Chronic renal failure and chronic glomerulonephritis Broad casts in the urine should correlate with what other urine tests? - Correct Answer- Positive protein test and waxy casts. What three crystals are normally found in the acid urine? - Correct Answer-Uric acid crystals, Amorphous urate crystals, and Calcium oxalate crystals.
Urine cholesterol crystals are caused by? - Correct Answer-lipiduria and nephrotic syndrome These urine crystals appear as fine, colorless needle forming rosettes? - Correct Answer-Tyrosine crystals What is the cause of urine tyrosine crystals? - Correct Answer-Tyrosinuria These urine crystals appear as colorless concentric circles with radial striations? - Correct Answer-Leucine crystals What are the cause of urine leucine crystals? - Correct Answer-Maple syrup disease What are the chemical findings in acute pyelonephritis? - Correct Answer-Positive protein, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase. What are the microscopic findings in acute pyelonephritis? - Correct Answer-WBCs, WBC casts, bacteria, and RBCs. What are the chemical findings for acute glomerulonephritis? - Correct Answer-Positive for protein, blood, and an increased specific gravity. What are the microscopic findings for acute glomerulonephritis? - Correct Answer- RBCs, WBCs, RBC casts, and granular casts.
