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AAMI COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
SCIENCE STUDY GUIDE 2026
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
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โ Pseudoscience. Answer: Beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method (e.g., the historical 'science' of race). โ Critical Thinking. Answer: Evaluating information and identifying the difference between evidence-based facts and misinformation. โ Falsification of Data. Answer: Choosing to show only a portion of data to support a specific conclusion while ignoring the rest (cherry-picking). โ Fabrication of Data. Answer: Making up data, participants, or results entirely; a form of scientific fraud. โ Inductive Reasoning. Answer: Collecting data and observations to find a pattern (e.g., early Tuskegee studies).
โ Deductive Reasoning. Answer: Testing a specific hypothesis with experiments (e.g., testing a medication). โ Race as an Illusion. Answer: The scientific understanding that humans are one species; physical traits (skin color, hair) have no bearing on intelligence or biological worth. โ Phenotype. Answer: The observable physical characteristics of an organism (e.g., 'Type A blood'). โ Genotype. Answer: The actual genetic makeup or alleles (e.g., $AA$ or $AO$). โ ABO Blood Groups. Answer: Blood classification system based on A and B antigens on red blood cells. Includes: 3 alleles (A, B, O); A and B codominant; O recessive. โ Type A Blood. Answer: Can receive A or O. โ Type B Blood.
Answer: The requirement that participants must be fully informed of the risks and nature of an experiment before agreeing to join. โ IRB (Institutional Review Board). Answer: A committee that reviews research to ensure it is ethical and does not harm human subjects. โ Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Answer: A historical example of unethical research where black men were not told they had syphilis and were denied treatment (penicillin) for decades. โ Henrietta Lacks (HeLa Cells). Answer: A case involving the use of a patient's cells for research without her or her family's knowledge/consent. โ Human Microbiome. Answer: The ecosystem of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on the human body. โ Functions of 'Good' Bacteria. Answer: Aiding digestion, producing vitamins (like Vitamin K), and occupying 'real estate' to block 'bad' bacteria. โ Probiotics.
Answer: Live bacteria (found in yogurt, kefir, kombucha) taken to restore gut health, especially after antibiotic use. โ Antibiotics. Answer: Medications that kill bacteria; they are not specific and can damage the healthy microbiome while treating an infection. โ Causal Agents. Answer: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protista, eucaryotes, and prions that cause infectious diseases. โ Modes of Transmission. Answer: Airborne, body fluids, fecal-oral, vectors, and fomites are ways diseases spread. โ Sustainability. Answer: Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. โ Weather vs. Climate. Answer: Weather is short-term and local; Climate is the long-term pattern (20+ years) of atmospheric conditions. โ 6th Extinction.
Answer: Simplified representation to understand complex systems. โ Null Hypothesis. Answer: Default assumption that no relationship exists. โ Observation. Answer: Information gathered through senses or instruments. โ Peer Review. Answer: Expert evaluation of research before publication. โ Phase I-IV Clinical Trials. Answer: Sequential testing phases for safety, effectiveness, large-scale validation, and monitoring. โ Phenotypes. Answer: Observable traits resulting from genotype and environment. โ Phrenology. Answer: Discredited belief linking skull shape to intelligence/personality. โ Placebo Effect. Answer: Improvement due to belief in treatment.
โ Prediction. Answer: Specific expected outcome if hypothesis is correct. โ "Proof". Answer: Absolute certainty; rarely used in science. โ Qualitative Data. Answer: Descriptive, non-numerical information. โ Quantitative Data. Answer: Numerical measurements and statistics. โ Randomization. Answer: Assigning subjects to groups by chance. โ Reliability in Science. Answer: Consistency of results across repeated trials. โ Repeatability in Science. Answer: Ability for others to replicate results. โ Risk/Benefit Ratio.
โ Social Responsibility. Answer: Ethical obligation of scientists to society. โ Stem Cells. Answer: Undifferentiated cells capable of specialization (embryonic or cord blood types). โ Subjective Data. Answer: Opinion-based or interpretive information. โ Testability in Science. Answer: Claim must be able to be tested and potentially falsified. โ Theory. Answer: Well-supported explanatory framework backed by extensive evidence. โ Truth. Answer: Best explanation supported by current evidence. โ Tuskegee Alabama Syphilis Study. Answer: Unethical study denying treatment to Black men; violated informed consent and ethics.
โ Unconscious Bias. Answer: Unintentional influence of stereotypes on decisions. โ Variables. Answer: Factors that change in an experiment (independent, dependent, controlled). โ Verification of Data. Answer: Confirming accuracy through replication and peer review. โ Vaccination. Answer: A tool to prime the immune system to prevent or lessen the severity of disease. โ SSPE (Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis). Answer: A rare, fatal brain disease caused by a late-reactivated measles virus (preventable via vaccine). โ Misinformation vs. Disinformation. Answer: False information spread regardless of intent vs. false information spread deliberately to deceive. โ Exam Tip: Blood Type Logic.
