A&P Exam Questions and Answers: Comprehensive Study Guide, Exams of Animal Anatomy and Physiology

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A&P 2 Exam Final Exam 1 | Complete Lecture-

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What is blood plasma? What percentage of it is water? - ✔✔The extra cellular fluid found in blood vessels; blood minus the formed elements.

• 91.5% water 8.5% solutes What are the three major groups of plasma proteins? Which one plays a role in disease resistance and which one plays a role in blood clotting? - ✔✔Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen Globulins: immunoglobulins help attack viruses and bacteria. alpha and beta globulins transport iron, lipids and fat- soluble vitamins. Fibrinogen : plays essential role in blood clotting. What is hemopoiesis? - ✔✔Process by which formed elements of blood develops. What type of white cell produces platelets? What is another name for platelets? - ✔✔Hemopoietic stem cells Thrombocytes What does the hormone erythropoietin do? Where is it produced and where are its target cells? - ✔✔-Increases the number of RBC's precursors produced
• Primarily by cells in the kidneys that lie between the kidney tubules (peri tubular interstitial cells). Approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are found in each RBC? How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin molecule carry? How many oxygen molecules can each RBC carry? - ✔✔-Approximately how many hemoglobin molecules are found in each RBC? 280
• How many oxygen molecules can each. Hemoglobin molecules carry? 4 oxygen
• How many oxygen molecules can each RBC carry?-1billion
• 250 million hemoglobin molecule in each red blood cell.
• each hemoglobin molecule can bind 4oxygen molecules.

Antagonist Effect- When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone. What controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland? - ✔✔Hypothalamus Which hormone stimulates milk production? - ✔✔Prolactin What effect does luteinizing hormone have on the gonads? - ✔✔In females-stimulates the secretion of estrogens and progesterone and the maturation of oocytes in the ovaries. In males-stimulate sperm production and secretion of testosterone in the testes. Gonads - ✔✔An organ that produces gametes, testes or ovaries. How is the amount of ADH secreted related to blood osmotic pressure? - ✔✔Acts to retain body water and increase blood pressure. Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone? What ion is regulated? - ✔✔-Calcitonin Ca2+ (Calcium)

• Calcium, magnesium, phosphate How are insulin and glucagon related to the regulation of glucose and where are they produced? - ✔✔Glucagon- Increases blood glucose when it falls below normal. Insulin- Lowers blood glucose level when it is too high. What is the effect of thyroid hormone on metabolic rate? - ✔✔Thyroid hormones increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) by stimulating the use of cellular oxygen to produce ATP. When the BMR increases, cellular metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and protein increases. Which hormones play key regulatory roles in the body's long-term response to stress? - ✔✔cortisol, hGH,Thyroid hormone. How are serotonin and melatonin related? - ✔✔The pineal gland secretes melatonin, an immune hormone derived from serotonin. Responsible for regulating mood and health. Which glands secrete which hormones? - ✔✔Hypothalamus : controls all Pineal gland: secretes melatonin

posterior gland: oxtocin and testosterone. Anterior gland: everything else. Thyroid gland: T3 and T4, calcitonin. What is the hypophyseal fossa, what is another name for it, and what resides therein? - ✔✔Sella Turcia, houses pituitary gland Where is growth hormone produced and what does it do? - ✔✔Anterior pituitary. Promotes synthesis and secretion of small protein hormones called insulin like growth factors (IGF) or somatomedins and bone growth. Where is adrenocorticotropic hormone produced and what does it do? - ✔✔Within the pituitary gland. Secretion of cortisol and other glucocorticoids by the cortex of the adrenal gland. What are the parts of the anterior pituitary gland? - ✔✔Pars distalis and pars tubercles. The pars distalis is the large portion and the pars tube rails forms a sheath around the infundibrilum. What are the normal average temperature and the normal pH range for blood? - ✔✔Temp=38c (100.4F) PH=7.35-7. What is a hematocrit? What does it measure? - ✔✔The percentage of total blood volume. Measures the percentage of whole blood that is made up of RBC's. Examine figure 19:11 to see where the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways converge. What is the name of the compound that is formed at the point of convergence. - ✔✔Prothrombinase ipoprotein and phospholipid What is the function of heparin, and which WBCs produce it? - ✔✔Heparin-anticoagulant that is produced by most cells and basophils, combines with antithombin and increases its effectiveness in blocking throbin. Basophils. Be familiar with pictures or slides of WBCs. - ✔✔ Which WBCs become macrophages? - ✔✔Monocytes

• Pericardial Fluid-thin film of lubrication serous fluid that reduces friction between the layers of the seruspericarduim as the heart moves. Where are the base and apex of the heart located? - ✔✔-Base-Located at the top of the heart from atrium
• Apex-Located at the bottom of heart pointing towards left hip What are epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium? - ✔✔Epicardium-is upon the outside of the heart. Myocardium-is cardiac muscle tissue. Endocardium-is smooth covering on inside of heart. Trace the flow of blood through the major vessels, chambers and valves of the heart. - ✔✔first, deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium where it is then pumped into the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts, sending the blood into the lungs to be oxygenated, the now oxygenated blood moves through venules to the pulmonary veins that lead to the left atrium, the blood is pumped into the left ventricle and then through the aorta to the body. In the fetus, what are the functions of the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale? - ✔✔Shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta. The foramen ovals allows most blood entering the right atrium to pass into the left atrium. What is aortic stenosis? What is mitral valve prolapse? - ✔✔E aortic value is narrowed What is mitral valve prolapse? - ✔✔Back flow of blood from the left vent into the left atrium What are the functions of desmosomes, gap junctions, and tight junctions? - ✔✔Desmosomes-holds fibers together. Gap junctions-allows muscle action potentials to conduct from one muscle fiber to its neighbors. Tight junctions-seal off passageways between adjacent cells.. Leak proof. What are the elements of the cardiac conduction system. Figure 20.10. - ✔✔1.) Sinoatrial (SA) node- starts 2.) Atrioventricular ( AV) node- goes 3.) atrioventricular (AV) bundle ( Bundle oh His)- penetrates the fiberous skeleton. 4.). Right and Left bundle branches-extend through the interventricular septum towards the apex of the heart. 5.) Purkinjie fibers: conducts impulses from apex upward of the ventricular muscle

Compare cardiac muscle with skeletal muscle in regard to depolarization, repolarization, and refractory periods. - ✔✔ What are cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume, and how are they related? - ✔✔- cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta or from the left ventricle into the pulmonary trunk each minute.

• heart rate- the # of heart beats pre minute.
• stroke volume- the volume of blood ejected by the ventricle during each contraction. CO =SVX times HR Stroke volume times heart rate. What happens during systole and diastole? - ✔✔Systole is the phase of contraction. Diastole is the phase of relaxation. What events cause the heart sounds? - ✔✔Lubb: Closure of the AV values Dubb: closure of semilunar values What structure normally initiates the heartbeat? - ✔✔(SA) node Which nerve reduces the heart rate? - ✔✔Vagus nerve In what part of the brain is the cardiovascular center located? - ✔✔Medulla Oblongata