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A concise overview of several key systems in human anatomy and physiology, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, lymphatic, muscular, and skeletal systems. It outlines the primary functions, key components, and essential processes of each system, offering a foundational understanding of how these systems operate and interact within the human body. The document also includes diagrams and key terms to aid comprehension, making it a useful resource for students studying these topics. It also contains objectives and notes sections.
Typology: Cheat Sheet
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Epicardium: outermost layer of the heart Myocardium: middle layer of the heart Endocardium: innermost layer of the heart
The heart is a cone-shaped organ that lies within the mediastinum between the lungs. The heart is protected by the pericardial sac. The parietal pericardium is the outer membrane. The visceral pericardium is the inner membrane. The pericardial sac contains 5-20ml of pericardial fluid. LAYERS OF THE HEART
Right atrium- receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava Right ventricle- receives blood from the right atrium and pumps to the lungs Left atrium- receives oxygenated blood from the lungs Left ventricle- receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta.
Tricuspid Valve- Location: between the right atrium and right ventricle Bicuspid Valve (mitral) Location: between the left atrium and left ventricle
Atrioventricular valves: tricuspid and bicuspid valve
a.
a. Semilunar valves: pulmonary and aortic valve
Topic: Cardiovascular System nursebossstore.com
Transports O2 and CO Transports nutrients Circulation of hormones Removes waste products Maintenance of body temperature Circulates antibodies
Pulmonary Circulation: Transports blood to and from the lungs. Systemic Circulation: Transports blood to and from the rest of the body
Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins
Upper chamber: Atrium Lower chamber: Ventricles
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Breathing Gaseous exchange internally and externally Removes carbon dioxide Speech Olfaction Maintain acid-base balance Maintain body heat
Topic: Respiratory System
Functions of the Respiratory System
Trachea Superior lobe of left lung Left main Superior lobe (primary)bronchus of right lung
of right lung^ Middle lobe
Inferior lobe of right lung
Lobar (secondary) bronchus
Segmental (tertiary) bronchus Inferior lobe of left lung
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Topic: Gastrointestinal System
Digest foods Absorbs nutrients Excrete waste products Synthesize nutrients
Mouth Esophagus Epiglottis Stomach Esophageal sphincter Pyloric sphincter Small intestine Jejunum Ileum Large intestines Colon Ileocecal valve Liver Gallbladder Pancreas
Mastication: chewing Chyme: semi-fluid mass that is created when food is partly digested. Segmentation: rhythmic, localized back and forth movement of bolus through contraction and relaxation of muscles in the intestines Peristalsis: waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles to move food downwards. Bolus: ball-like mixture of food and saliva
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Topic: Hepatic System
Portal hypertension Jaundice Esophageal Varices Hepatic Encephalophathy Cirrhosis Ascited
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Regulates and filters water soluble substances. Reabsorbs water, nutrients and electrolytes. Exceretes waste
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. Major functions:
Electrolyte balance Acid-base balance Removes waste Removes water Vitamin D activation Blood pressure control
Renal cortex Renal medulla
The kidney is divided into 2 main structures.
The renal medulla contains renal pyramids and renal tubules. The renal column are between each pyramid.
Renal cortex: the outer rim of the kidney. It contains the glomeruli and a portion of the nephron tubules. Medulla: houses the renal pyramids that hold the collecting ducts, collecting tubules, and long loops of Henle. It also contains blood vessels and nerves. Renal pelvis: drains urine from the collecting ducts of the nephrons. The renal pelvis is a collection area.
The kidneys are two fist-sized bean shaped organs situated on either side of the vertebral column in the posterior abdomen. The kidneys are covered by the renal capsule. On top of each kidney are the adrenal glands. Functions includes:
Blood flows into the glomerulus through the afferent arterioles and out via the efferent arterioles. Filtration occurs in the glomerulus. That includes electrolytes, waste, glucose, amino acids.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): filtration pressure. GFR is a diagnositic method to assess renal function.
Cortex
Houses the glomerulus and receives glomerular filtrate.
Topic: Genitourinary System
Renal Pyramid
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Medulla
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Proximal convolated tubules:
Angiotensin 1
Angiotensin 2
Vasoconstriction
Increased BP
Aldosterone
Na, water retention
Decreased secretion and excretion of hydrogen ions Decreased reabsorption of bicarbonate and increased excretion Decreased ammonia production
Acidosis:
A muscular sac that provides a holding area for urine until it is excreted through the urethra. It can contract and relax.
Topic: Genitourinary System
Located on top of both kidneys. Influences the regulation of sodium and water.
Decreased renal blood flow
Renin release
Angiotensino gen
Increased Organ Perfusion
The renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system is a hormone system that is essential to regulate blood pressure and fluid volume
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion URINE FORMATION
The kidneys secretes erythropoietin Vitamin D synthesis is dependent on the kidneys
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Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system.
Somatic nervous system (voluntary): sends and relays information to and from the skeletal muscles and skin Autonomic nervous system (involuntary): sends and relays information to internal organs
Sympathetic nervous system: stress response Parasympathetic nervous system: controls body when at rest
The nervous system is divided into:
The peripheral nervous system is divided into:
The autonomic nervous system is divided into
Dendrite: receives and carries impulse to the cell body. Cell body: includes the nucleus Axon: carries impulses away from cell body Schwann Cells: cells produces myelin in the PNS Myelin sheath: insulates and covers the axon Node of Ranvier: nodes in the myelin sheath
Sensory function Transmits information to the brain Processes information in the brain Motor function Maintains homeostasis Controls and coordinate body organs
Sensory neuron: transmits impulse to the CNS Motor neuron: transmits impulse from the CNS Interneurons: between sensory & motor neurons in the CNS
The neuron is the basic functional cell of the nervous system. The neurons transmits impulse. Types of neurons:
Topic: Nervous System
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Stimulus: a change in the environment that causes a response. Excitability: the neuron response to a stimulus to convert to an impulse. Synapse: a gap between one neuron's axon and the dendrite of another Neurotransmitters: chemicals that cross the gap (synapse) and continue the impulse
Topic: Nervous System
Cerebellum: movement and motor learning Cerebrum: activities that includes planning, perception, emotion, thought Thalamus: exchanges of information Medulla: involuntary/autonomic responses Brainstem: (medulla, pons, and midbrain) involuntary response Hypothalamus: maintain the homeostasis of the body
Frontal: planning, movement and coordination Parietal: processing, language Temporal: auditory, speech and visual perception Occipital: visual perception
Cranial nerve: 12 nerves Spinal nerves: 31 Cervical nerve, b. Thoracic nerve
a. c. Lumbar nerve d. Sacral nerve
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Topic: Integumentary System
Protection Excretion Body temperature regulation Cutaneous sensation Vitamin D synthesis
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis
Hair, hair follicles, pili arrector muscle, sebaceous gland , sudoriferous gland , nails , and mammary gland
Made of stratified squamous epithelium and no blood vessels. Four layer of cells are found in the epidermis of the body surface:stratum basale , stratum spinosum , stratum granulosum , and stratum corneum Melanocytes: produces melanin
Made up of connective tissues and adipose tissues Contains large blood vessels.
Hair: Hair roots and hair shaft Pili arrector muscle: attached to each hair follicle Sebaceous gland: oil gland Sudoriferous gland: sweat gland Nails: made of keratin
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