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ABC Formula/Conversion Table
for Water Treatment, Distribution and Laboratory Exams
Alkalinity, as mg CaCO 3 /L = SampleVolume,mL
(TitrantVolume,mL)(AcidNormality)(50,000)
Amps = Ohms
Volts
Area of Circle = (.785) (Diameter^2 ) or (Π) (Radius^2 )
Area of Cone (lateral area) = (Π) (Radius) Radius 2 +Height^2
Area of Cone (total surface area) = (Π) (Radius) (Radius + Radius 2 + Height^2 )
Area of Cylinder (total outside surface area) = [Surface Area of End #1] + [Surface Area of End #2] + [(Π) (Diameter) (Height or Depth)]
Area of Rectangle = (Length) (Width)
Area of a Right Triangle = 2
(Base)(Height)
Average (arithmetic mean) = NumberofTerms
SumofAllTerms
Average (geometric mean) = [(X 1 ) (X 2 ) (X 3 ) (X 4 ) (X n )]
1/ n The n th root of the product of n numbers
Chemical Feed Pump Setting, % Stroke = MaximumFlow
(DesiredFlow)(100%)
Chemical Feed Pump Setting, mL/minute = (Liquid,mg/mL)(24hr/day)(60min/hr)
(Flow,MGD)(Dose,mg/L)(3.785L/gal)(1,000,000gal/MG)
Circumference of Circle = (Π) (Diameter)
Composite Sample Single Portion = (NumberofPortions)(AverageFlow)
(InstantaneousFlow)(TotalSampleVolume)
Degrees Celsius = [(Degrees Fahrenheit - 32) (^5 /9)] or
F − 32
o
Degrees Fahrenheit = [(Degrees Celsius) (^9 /5) + 32] or [(Degrees Celsius) (1.8) + 32]
Detention Time = Flow
Volume Note: Units must be compatible.
Electromotive Force (E.M.F), volts = (Current, amps) (Resistance, ohms) or E =IR
Feed Rate, lbs/day = (Purity,decimalpercentage)
(Dosage,mg/L)(Capacity,MGD)(8.34lbs/gal)
Feed Rate, gal/minute (Fluoride Saturator) = (18,000mg/L)
(Plantcapacity,gal/minute)(Dosage,mg/L)
Filter Backwash Rise Rate, in/min = (Backwash Rate, GPM/sq ft) (12 in/ft) (7.48 gal/cu ft)
Filter Drop Test Velocity, ft/minute = Water Drop, ft Time of Drop, minute
Filter Flow Rate or Backwash Rate, gpm/sq ft = FilterArea,sqft
Flow,gpm
Filter Yield, lbs/hr/sq ft = (Filteroperation,hr/day)(Area,sqft)
(SolidsLoading,lbs/day)(Recovery,%/100%)
Flow Rate, cfs = (Area, sq ft) (Velocity, ft/sec) or Q = AV where: Q = flow rate, A = area, V= velocity
Force, pounds = (Pressure, psi) ( Area, sq in)
Gallons/Capita/Day = Population
VolumeofWaterProduced,gpd
Hardness, as mg CaCO 3 /L = SampleVolume,mL
(Titrant Volume,mL)(1,000) Only when the titration factor is 1.00 of EDTA
Horsepower, Brake (bhp) = (3,960)(DecimalPumpEfficiency)
(Flow,gpm)(Head,ft)
Horsepower, Motor (mhp) = (3,960)(DecimalPumpEfficiency)(DecimalMotorEfficiency)
(Flow,gpm)(Head,ft)
Horsepower, Water (whp) = 3,
(Flow,gpm)(Head,ft)
Hydraulic Loading Rate, gpd/sq ft = Area,sqft
TotalFlowApplied,gpd
Hypochlorite Strength, % = (HypochloriteSolutionNeeded,gal)(8.34lbs/gal)
(ChlorineRequired,lbs)(100)
Leakage, gpd = Time,days
Volume,gallons
Mass, lbs = (Volume, MG) (Concentration, mg/L)(8.34 lbs/gal)
Mass Flux, lbs/day = (Flow, MGD) (Concentration, mg/L) (8.34 lbs/gal)
Milliequivalent = (mL) (Normality)
Molarity = LitersofSolution
MolesofSolute
Alkalinity Relationships:
Alkalinity, mg/L as CaCO 3 Result of Hydroxide Carbonate Bicarbonate Titration Alkalinity Alkalinity Concentration as CaCO 3 as CaCO 3 as CaCO 3 P = 0 0 0 T P < ΩT 0 2P T ñ 2P P = ΩT 0 2P 0 P > ΩT 2P ñ T 2(T ñ P) 0 P = T T 0 0 *Key: P ñ phenolphthalein alkalinity; T ñ total alkalinity
Conversion Factors: 1 acre = 43,560 square feet 1 acre foot = 326,000 gallons 1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons 1 cubic foot = 62.4 pounds 1 cubic foot per second = 0.646 MGD 1 foot = 0.305 meters 1 foot of water = 0.433 psi 1 gallon = 3.79 liters 1 gallon = 8.34 pounds 1 grain per gallon = 17.1 mg/L 1 horsepower = 0.746 kW or 746 watts or 33,000 ft. lbs./min. 1 mile = 5,280 feet 1 million gallons per day = 694 gallons per minute 1 million gallons per day = 1.55 cubic feet per second (cfs) 1 pound = 0.454 kilograms 1 pound per square inch = 2.31 feet of water 1 ton = 2,000 pounds 1% = 10,000 mg/L Π or pi = 3.
Abbreviations: cfs cubic feet per second DO dissolved oxygen ft feet g grams gpd gallons per day gpg grains per gallon gpm gallons per minute in inches kW kilowatt lbs pounds mg/L milligrams per liter
MGD million gallons per day mL milliliter ppb parts per billion ppm parts per million psi pounds per square inch Q flow SS settleable solids TTHM Total trihalomethanes TOC total organic carbon TSS total suspended solids VS volatile solids
