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Abnormal Psychology Chapter 1&
- What is Abnor- mal Psychology
- How do you de- the understanding, preventing, & treatment of abnormal behavior patterns. 1.Is the behavior unusual? fine abnormal be- 2. Does it violate social norms? havior?
- In order for be- haviour to be deemed as "ab- normal" the per- son must experi- ence some level of distress.
- clinical psycholo- gist 3. does it involve a faulty interpretation of reality? 4. Does the behaviour cause personal distress? 5. is the behaviour maladaptive? 6. is the behaviour dangerous (to the person or to others)? No Person with graduate training in psychology who specializes in abnormal behav- iour.
- psychiatrist Physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
- psychological dis- Disturbances of psychological functioning or behaviour associated with states of order s
Abnormal Psychology Chapter 1& person al distress or impaired social, occupational, or interpersonal functioning. Also called mental disorders
- Psychological dis- 45 to 64- year order were most common among which age range?
- medical model
Abnormal Psychology Chapter 1& havior? 2. Be- haviour is social- ly unacceptable or violates social norms
- How do you de- texts. For example, until the mid-1970s, homosexuality was classified as a mental disorder by the psychiatric profession. Today, however, the psychiatric profession no longer considers homosexuality a mental disorder. Normally speaking, our sensory systems and cognitive processes permit us to fine abnormal be- form fairly accurate mental representations of the environment. But seeing things haviour? 3. Per- ception or inter- or hearing voices that are not present are considered hallucinations, which in our culture are often taken as signs of an underlying disorder. Similarly, holding
Abnormal Psychology Chapter 1& pretation of reali- ty is faulty.
- How do you de- unfounded ideas or delusions, such as ideas of persecution that the Mounties or the Mafia are out to get you, may be regarded as signs of mental disturbance- unless, of course, they are. States of personal distress caused fine abnormal be- by troublesome emotions, such as anxiety, fear, or depression, may be considered haviour? 4. The person is in sig- nificant personal distress.
- How do you define abnor- mal behaviour?
- Behaviour is maladaptive or self- defeating.
- How do you de- abnormal. Appropriate feelings of distress are considered normal unless they become prolonged or persist long after the source of anguish has been removed (after most people would have adjusted) or if they are so intense they impair the individuals ability to function. Behaviour that leads to unhappiness rather than self-fulfillment can be regarded as abnormal. Behaviour that limits our ability to function in expected roles or to adapt to our environments may also be considered abnormal Behaviour that is dangerous to oneself or other people may be considered abnor- fine abnormal be- mal. Here, too, social context is crucial. In haviour? Behav- iour is danger- ous.
- Meeting criteria for diagnosis of a
- includes many physical symptoms of depression
- diagnosed in Asia, but not in Western countries. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) - 2013 psychological dis- International Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders (ICD-10) - orde r
- To identify a person or behavior as abnormal: no SINGLE criterion is: NECESSARY (i.e., must be present) or SUFFICIENT (enough on its own)
- Paranoid having irrational suspicions
- Delusions firmly held but inaccurate beliefs that persist despite evidence they have no basis in reality.
- Ideas of persecu- tion A form of delusional thinking characterized by false beliefs that one is being persecuted or victimized by others.
- Agoraphobia A fear of places and situations from which it might be diflcult or embarrassing to escape in the event of panicky symptoms or of situa- tions in which help may be unavailable if such problems occur.
- The Continuum between Normal and Abnormal Behaviour.
it is important to recognize that most behaviours are on a continuum from normal to abnormal, and a precise line delineating the threshold between the two is not clear (Cuijpers, 2014). Keep in mind that you may have experienced some of the symptoms of the disorders discussed in the following chapters, but not necessarily in the range that would be considered abnormal.
- Continuum chart Does not meet criteria/ meets criteria. No symptoms-struggling- mild- moderate
mality- Greek and Foreshadowed development of modern medical model of abnormal behaviour. Roman thought
- Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E.) Mental disorders ’steam from natural causes. Disturbances of bodily fluids (i.e., humors) linked to psychological functioning: CHEERFULNESS- (excess of blood ) ILL-TEMPER + ANXIETY-(excess of yellow bile)
- Historical Con- cepts of Abnormality- The Arab World
- Historical con- cepts of Abnor- mality- EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES- Witchcraft and Exorcism MELANCHOLIA (black bile) LISTLESSNESS (excess of phlegm) First mental hospital ’Bagdad (792 AD) Avicenna (980 -1037) - The Canon of Medicine Emphasized natural causes First "asylums" built in bimaristans (hospitals) Often added to bimaristans special places isolated by iron bars Islamic physicians were well acquainted w/ the etiology (cause) of the patient's disease Medieval Times
- Possession and Exorcism Witchcraft
- Malleus Maleficarum
- 16th - 17th century ’hysteria of witch hunting
- Demonological model not universally held
- Medieval times • Possession and Exorcism Belief in supernatural causes, especially the doctrine of possession, increased in influence and eventually dominated medieval thought
- Medieval times- Women Women w/o families ’more likely to be poor (perception: poor = dangerous) Women viewed as:
- Exorcism Ritual intended to expel demons or evil spirits from a person believed to be possessed.
- Witchcraft Oflcials of the Roman Catholic Church believed witches made pacts with the devil, practiced satanic rituals , and com- mitted heinous acts such as eating babies and poisoning crops. In 1484, Pope Innocent VIII decreed witches must be executed. Two Dominican priests compiled a manual for witch hunting, called the Malleus Malefic arum ("The Witches' Hammer"), to help inquisitors identify suspected witches. More than 100 000 accused witches were killed in the next two centuries.
- Worldview prevailling view o the time.
- possession In demonology, a type of superstitious belief in which abnormal behaviour is taken as a sign that the individual has become possessed by demons or the devil, usually as a form of retribution or the result of making a pact with the devil.
- Trephining Harsh prehistoric practice of cutting a hole in a person's skull, possibly as an ancient form of surgery for brain trauma, or possibly as a means of releasing the demons prehistoric people may have believed caused abnormal behaviour in the afflicted individuals.
- demonological model
T
h e model that explains abnormal behaviour in terms of supernatural forces.
- Risk factors - age
- Bipolar disorder Cornerstone of current diagnostic models
- dementia prae- cox schizophrenia or premature insanity
- Manic depressive bipolar disorder
- Asylums in Eu- Europe in late 15th & early 16th centuries rope and the new • Asylums (i.e., "mad houses") world
- The Moral Treat- ment Movement
- Selkirk Mental Health Centre
Treatment Takes a Step Backward in Canada
- Mental institutions move to custodial care Deinstitutionalization: many homeless w/ mental health issues - got lost in transition (psychiatric institutionalization ’inadequate community health services). Link b/w: deinstitutionalization + homelessness
- moral therapy A 19th-century treatment philosophy emphasizing that hospitalized mental patients should be treated with care and understanding in a pleasant environment, not shackled in chains.
- Hypnosis & hys- teria
- Psychodynamic model & catharsis Charcot Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Theory The Structure of the Mind: Unconscious - impulses, unaware Preconscious - outside of present awareness (but can be brought into awareness) Conscious - when we are aware
- Personality ID(PLEASURE principle & Primary Process Thinking) EGO(REALITY principle & Secondary Process Thinking) SUPEREGO(MORAL Principle)Intrapsychic conflict
- Phenothiazines Group of antipsychotic drugs or •major tranquillizers• used in the treatment of schizophrenia
