Abnormal Psychology: Chapter One - Introduction to Psychopathology, Exams of Psychology

An introduction to the field of abnormal psychology, exploring the definition and characteristics of mental disorders. It delves into various approaches to defining abnormality, including subjective discomfort, statistical norms, and the harmful dysfunction model. The document also examines key concepts such as psychosis, manic episodes, and syndromes, highlighting the importance of considering multiple symptoms and the duration of behavior in diagnosis. It emphasizes the distinction between mental illness and legal concepts like insanity, and addresses common misconceptions about mental disorders.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

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Abnormal Psychology - Chapter One
1.
Which of the following processes would likely be nec-
B. Research and
testimony
essary
for
the
elimination
of
gender
dysphoria
as
a
cat-
that
shows
that
distress
is
egory
of
mental
disorder
from
a
future
DSM
revision?
not inherent in the condi-
A. Consensus among workgroups that the gender dys- tion
phoria label causes active harm
B. Research and testimony that shows that distress is
not inherent in the condition
C. Identification of natural social contexts in the world
that incorporate a flexible view of gender
D. Intervention from governmental organizations that
oversee federal standards of pathology
2. True or False?
In countries such as the United States, mental disor-
ders are the second leading cause of disease-related
disability and mortality, ranking just slightly behind
cardiovascular conditions and slightly ahead of cancer.
3. True or False?
At least 2 out of every 4 people will experience a se-
rious form of abnormal behavior, such as depression,
schizophrenia, or alcoholism.
True.
True.
4.
Psychopathology:
Both the manifestation
and study of mental dis-
orders, in conjunction
with
their causes.
- This term is generally
used to describe
abnormal
behaviors.
5. What does Psychopathology mean when translated?
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  1. Which of the following processes would likely be nec- B. Research and testimony essary for the elimination of gender dysphoria as a cat- that shows that distress is egory of mental disorder from a future DSM revision? not inherent in the condi- A. Consensus among workgroups that the gender dys- tion phoria label causes active harm B. Research and testimony that shows that distress is not inherent in the condition C. Identification of natural social contexts in the world that incorporate a flexible view of gender D. Intervention from governmental organizations that oversee federal standards of pathology
  2. True or False? In countries such as the United States, mental disor- ders are the second leading cause of disease-related disability and mortality, ranking just slightly behind cardiovascular conditions and slightly ahead of cancer.
  3. True or False? At least 2 out of every 4 people will experience a se- rious form of abnormal behavior, such as depression, schizophrenia, or alcoholism. True. True.
  4. Psychopathology: Both the manifestation and study of mental dis- orders, in conjunction with their causes.
    • This term is generally used to describe abnormal behaviors.
  5. What does Psychopathology mean when translated?

Psychopathology literally means pathology of the mind.

  1. Abnormal Psychology: The application of psycho- logical science to study mental disorders.
    • This includes the investi- gation of causes and treat- ment of psychopathologi- cal conditions.
  2. Psychosis: A general term that refers to several types of severe mental disorders in which the person is to be con- sidered out of contact with reality.
    • Hallucinations and delu- sions are examples of psy- chotic symptoms.
  3. Manic Episode: Periods of time lasting at least one week, in which a person feels abnormally happy, and

ing sometimes weeks or months.

  1. Syndrome: A group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder.
  2. True or False? You typically are able to diagnose a mental illness by observing only one symptom.
  3. True or False? The duration of a patient's symptoms is not important in determining the diagnosis of a mental illness. False. Typically, mental disorders are defined by a set of characteristics. It is seldom suflcient to make a diag- nosis ott of one trait. Each symptom is taken to be a fallible, or an imperfect indicator of the presence of a disorder. The signifi- cance of any specific fea- ture depends on whether the person also exhibits additional behaviors that are characteristic of a par- ticular disorder.

False. Duration is greatly impor- tant when determining a diagnosis. Mental illness is determined in terms

trying to harm them, a court of law might con- sider whether they should be held to be not guilty by reason of insanity.

  1. Nervous Breakdown:

Another old-fashioned term that you may have heard is nervous break- down. If we said that someone had "suttered a nervous breakdown," we would be indicating, in very general terms, that he had developed some sort of incapacitating, but oth- erwise unspecified type of mental disorder. This ex- pression does not con- vey any specific informa- tion about the nature of the person's problems.

  1. Crazy: Some people might also say that someone was act- ing crazy. This is an infor- mal, pejorative term that does not convey specif- ic information and carries with it many unfortunate, unfounded, and

sonal distress.

  • We might say that ab- normal behavior is defined in terms of subjective dis- comfort that leads the per- son to seek help from a mental health profession- al.
  • However, this definition is fraught with problems. Kevin's case illustrates one of the major reasons that this approach does not work. Before his second hospitalization, Kevin was unable or unwilling to ap- preciate the extent of his problem or the impact his behavior had on oth- er people. A psychologist would say that he did not have insight regarding his disorder.
  • The discomfort was

primarily experienced by Joyce, and she had at- tempted for many weeks to deny the nature of the problem. It would be useless to adopt a def- inition that considered Kevin's behavior to be ab-

identity disor- der, the presence of two or more distinct personal- ity states in the same per- son coupled with recurrent episodes of amnesia, oc-

  1. True or False? Mood disorders affect one out of every five people at some point during their lives.
  2. True or False? Alcoholism and other substance use disorders affect approximately one out of every six people. curs so infrequently that its prevalence cannot be esti- mated accurately. In con- trast, other mental disor- ders are much more com- mon.
    • Another weakness of the statistical approach is that it does not distinguish be- tween deviations that are harmful and those that are not. Other abnormal char- acteristics, such as excep- tional intellectual, artistic, or athletic ability, may ac- tually confer an advan- tage on the individual. For these reasons, the sim- ple fact that a behavior is statistically rare cannot be used to define psy- chopathology. True

Describe Jerome Wakefield's approach to diagnosing a According to Wakefield, a mental disorder? condition^ should^ be con- sidered a mental disorder when it meets these two criteria:

  1. The condition results from the inability of some internal mechanism (men- tal or physical) to per- form its natural function. (e.g those used to regu- late emotions, and those used to distinguish be- tween real auditory sensa- tions and imagined).
  2. The condition causes some harm to the person as judged by their cultural standards. These negative consequences are mea- sured in terms of the per- son's subjective distress or diflculty performing ex- pected societal and occu-

pational roles.

  1. Harmful Dysfunction - Another word for a men- tal disorder.
    • A condition can be deemed a mental disor- der if it causes harm to

responsible for perception, thinking, and communication. Dis- ruption of these systems was presumably responsi- ble for his delusional be- liefs and his disorganized speech. The natural func- tion of cognitive and per-

ceptual processes is to al- low the person to perceive the world in ways that are shared with other peo- ple and to engage in ra- tional thought and prob- lem-solving. The natural function of language abili- ties is to allow the person to communicate clearly with other people. There- fore, Kevin's abnormal be- havior can be viewed as a pervasive dysfunction cut- ting across several mental mechanisms.

  • The harmful dysfunc- tion view of mental disor- der recognizes that every type of dysfunction does not lead to a disorder. Only dysfunctions that re- sult in significant