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Abnormal Psychology Test 1
Abnormal Psychology - ♠︎ 🆀 : The scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change of abnormal patterns of functioning.
Clinical Scientists - ♠︎ 🆀 : Workers in the field of abnormal psychology that gather information systematically so that they may describe, predict, and explain the phenomena they study.
Clinical Practitioners - ♠︎ 🆀 : Use the knowleadge that clinical scientists acquire to detect, assess, and treat abnormal patterns of functioning.
Deviant - ♠︎ 🆀 : Different, extreme, unusual, perhaps even bizarre; behavior, thoughts, and emotions that differ markedly from a society;s ideas about proper functioning.
Distressing - ♠︎ 🆀 : Unpleasant and upsetting to a person.
Dysfunctional - ♠︎ 🆀 : Interfering with the person's ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way; Behavior, thoughts, and emotions that so upsets, distracts, or confuses people that they cannot care for themselves properly, participate in ordinary social interactions, or work productively.
Norms - ♠︎ 🆀 : A society's stated and unstated rules for proper conduct.
Dangerous - ♠︎ 🆀 : Behavior that is consistently careless, hostile, or confused and that may cause a person to place themselves or those around them at risk.
Trephination - ♠︎ 🆀 : An ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior.
Exorcism - ♠︎ 🆀 : The treatment for abnormality in the early societies; the idea was to coax the evil spirits to leave or to maakke the person's body an uncomfortable place in which to live.
Hippocrates - ♠︎ 🆀 : Often called the father of modern medicine; taught that illnesses had natural causes - he saw abnormal behavior as a disease arising from internal physical problems.
Humors - ♠︎ 🆀 : According to the Greeks and Romans, bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning - yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm.
Tarantism (Saint Vitus' Dance) - ♠︎ 🆀 : During the Middle Ages, groups of people would suddenly start to jump, dance, and go into convulsions; some dressed oddly, while others tore off their clothes; All where convinced they had been bitten and possessed by a wolf spider, and they sought to cure the disease by performing this dance.
Lycanthropy - ♠︎ 🆀 : A form of mass madness from the Middle Ages in which people thought they were possessed by wolves or other animals; they acted wolflike and imagined that fur was growing all over their bodies; they were known as lycanthropes or WEREWOLVES.
Asylums - ♠︎ 🆀 : A type of institution that first became popular in the 16th century to provide care for persons with mental disorders. Most became virtual prisons.
Moral Treatment - ♠︎ 🆀 : A 19th century (Pinel and Tuke) approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment.
Dorothea Dix - ♠︎ 🆀 : Boston schoolteacher who made humane care a public and political concern in the United States. She personally helped est. 32 state hospitals.
Somatogenic Perspective - ♠︎ 🆀 : The view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes.
Psychogenic Perspective - ♠︎ 🆀 : The view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological.
Hypnotism - ♠︎ 🆀 : A procedure that places people in a trance-like mental state during which they become extremely suggestible. Its study lead to the gain of following of the psychogenic perspective.
Hypnotic Suggestion - ♠︎ 🆀 : According to Bernheim and Liebault, a mental process could both cause and cure even a physical dysfunction.
Psychoanalysis - ♠︎ 🆀 : Either the theory or treatment of abnormal mental functioning developed that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychopathology. The treatment, developed by Sigmund Freud, is a form of discussion in which clinicians help troubled people gain insight into their unconscious psychological processes.
Outpatient Therapy - ♠︎ 🆀 : A format of treatment used by Freud, in which pts visited therapists in their offices for sessions of approximately an hour and then went about their daily activities.
Psychotropic Medications -
♠︎ 🆀: A process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others.
classical conditioning - ♠︎ 🆀 : A process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a person's mind and produce the same response.
systematic desensitization - ♠︎ 🆀 : A behavioral treatment in which clients with phobias learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread.
cognitive therapy - ♠︎ 🆀 : A therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes.
gestalt therapy - ♠︎ 🆀 : The humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role-playing and self-discovery exercises.
multicultural perspective - ♠︎ 🆀 : The view that each culture within a larger society has a particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account for the behavior and functioning of its members. Also called culturally diverse perspective.
Model or Paradigm - ♠︎ 🆀 : A set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations.
Biological Theorists - ♠︎ 🆀 : View abnormal behavior as an illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism, typically the brain.
Cerebrum - ♠︎ 🆀 : Brain region in the forebrain that consists of the cortex, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala.
Adrenal Glands - ♠︎ 🆀 : Glands located on top of the kidneys that, during times of stress, secrete the hormone cortisol; abnormal secretions of this hormones have been tied to anxiety and mood disorders.
Antianxiety Drugs (Minor Tranquilizers or Anxiolytics) - ♠︎ 🆀 : Psychotropic drugs that help reduce tension and anxiety; these drugs include lorazopan (Atavan), alprazolam (Xanax), and diazepam (Valium).
Antidepressant Drugs - ♠︎ 🆀 : Psychotropic drugs that help improve the moods of people with depression; they include sertraline (Zoloft), fluoxetine (Prozac), and escitalopram (Lexapro).
Antibipolar Drugs (Mood Stabilizers) -
♠︎ 🆀: Psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from a bipolar mood disorder; one of the most widely used of these drugs is lithium.
Antipsychotic Drugs - ♠︎ 🆀 : Psychotropic drugs that help correct the confusion, hallucinations, and delusions found in psychotic disorders; common ones are quetiapine (Seroquel), risperidone (Risperdal), and haloperidol (Haldol).
Psychodynamic Model - ♠︎ 🆀 : Oldest and most famous of the modern psychological models.
Psychodynamic Theorists - ♠︎ 🆀 : Believe that a person's behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is determined largely by underlying psychological forces of which he or she is not consciously aware.
Psychoanalysis - ♠︎ 🆀 : Freud's theory to explain both normal and abnormal psychological functioning as well as a corresponding method of treatment, a conversational approach with the same name.
Id - ♠︎ 🆀 : According to Freud, the psychological forces that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses; its instincts are believed to be sexual.
Ego - ♠︎ 🆀 : According to Freud, the psychological force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle.
Repression - ♠︎ 🆀 : The most basic ego defense mechanism that prevents unacceptable impulses from ever reaching consciousness.
Superego - ♠︎ 🆀 : According to Freud, the psychological forces that represents a person's values and ideals.
Conscience - ♠︎ 🆀 : According to Freud, we develop this when we go against our parents' values and feel guilty.
Fixation - ♠︎ 🆀 : According to Freud, a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development.
Oral Stage - ♠︎ 🆀 : According to Freud, the first 18 months of life, during which children fear that the mother that feeds and comforts them will disappear; if she does, a "oral character" is displayed marked by extreme dependence or mistrust.
Behavioral Theorists -
♠︎ 🆀: Developed by those who received unconditional positive regard early in life; One's worth as a person, even while recognizing that he or she is not perfect.
Conditions of Worth - ♠︎ 🆀 : Acquired by children who are repeatedly made to feel that they are not worthy of positive regard; standards that tell them that they are lovable and acceptable only when they conform to certain guidelines.
Skillful Frustration - ♠︎ 🆀 : Gestalt therapy technique in which therapists refuse to meet their clients' expectations or demands in order to help them see how often they try to manipulate others into meeting their needs.
Role Playing - ♠︎ 🆀 : Gestalt therapy technique in which therapists instruct clients to act out various roles in the hopes that they will come to accept feelings that previously main them uncomfortable.
Sociocultural Model - ♠︎ 🆀 : Holds that abnormal behavior is best understood in light of the broad forces that influence an individual.
Family-Social Theorists - ♠︎ 🆀 : Argue that clinical theorists on those broad forces that operate directly on an individual as he or she moves through life - family relationships, social interactions, community events.
Family Systems Theory - ♠︎ 🆀 : A theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules.
Enmeshed Family Structure - ♠︎ 🆀 : Members are grossly overinvolved in each other's activities, thoughts, and feelings.
Disengaged Family Structure - ♠︎ 🆀 : Family style marked by very rigid boundaries between the members.
Multicultural (Culturally Diverse) Perspective - ♠︎ 🆀 : The view that each culture within a larger society has a particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account for the bevior and functioning of its members.
Idiographic Understanding - ♠︎ 🆀 : An understanding of the behavior of a particular individual.
Assessment - ♠︎ 🆀 : The process of collecting and interpreting relevant information about a client or research participant.
Clinical Assessment -
♠︎ 🆀: Used to determine how and why a person is behaving abnormally and how that person may be helped.
Standardization - ♠︎ 🆀 : The process in which a test is administered to a large group of people whose performance then serves as a standard or norm against which any individual's score can be measured.
Reliability - ♠︎ 🆀 : The measure of the consistency of test or research results.
Validity - ♠︎ 🆀 : The accuracy of a test's or study's results; that is, the extent to which the test or study actually measures or shows what it claims.
Clinical Interview - ♠︎ 🆀 : A face-to-face encounter.
Structured Interview - ♠︎ 🆀 : Interview in which clinicians ask prepared questions.
Interview Schedule - ♠︎ 🆀 : A standard set of questions designed for all interviews.
Mental Status Exam - ♠︎ 🆀 : A set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client's abnormal functioning.
Projective Test - ♠︎ 🆀 : A test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to.
Rorschach Test - ♠︎ 🆀 : Projective test in which clinicians present one inkblot card at a time and ask respondents what they see, what the inkblot seems to be, or what it reminds them of.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - ♠︎ 🆀 : A pictorial projective test in which respondents are commonly shown 30 black-and- white pictures of individuals in vague situations and are asked to make up a dramatic story about each card.
Sentence-Completion Test - ♠︎ 🆀 : A projective test in which people are asked to complete a series of unfinished sentences.
(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) MMPI - ♠︎ 🆀 : The most widely used personality inventory consisting of more than 500 statements describing physical concerns, mood, morale, attitudes, and psych symptoms to be label "true." "false," or "cannot say."
Response Inventories -
Compulsion - ♠︎ 🆀 : A repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic or stereotyped set of rules.
Fear - ♠︎ 🆀 : An innate, almost biologically based alarm response to a dangerous or life- threatening situation.
Flooding - ♠︎ 🆀 : A behavioral technique in which the client is immersed in the sensation of anxiety by being exposed to the feared situation in its entirety.
Generalized anxiety disorder - ♠︎ 🆀 : An anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety that is not associated with a particular object, situation, or event but seems to be a constant feature of a person's day-to-day existence.
Obsession - ♠︎ 🆀 : An unwanted thought, word, phrase, or image that persistently and repeatedly comes into a person's mind and causes distress.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) - ♠︎ 🆀 : An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are inordinately time-consuming or that cause significant distress or impairment.
Panic attacks - ♠︎ 🆀 : A period of intense fear and physical discomfort accompanied by the feeling that one is being overwhelmed and is about to lose control.
Panic disorder - ♠︎ 🆀 : An anxiety disorder in which an individual has panic attacks on a recurrent basis or has constant apprehension and worry about the possibility of recurring attacks.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - ♠︎ 🆀 : An anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences several distressing symptoms for more than a month following a traumatic event, such as a reexperiencing of the traumatic event, an avoidance of reminders of the trauma, a numbing of general responsiveness, and increased arousal.
Social phobia - ♠︎ 🆀 : An anxiety disorder characterized by irrational and unabating fear that one's behavior will be scrutinized by others, causing the individual to feel embarrassed and humiliated.
Specific phobia - ♠︎ 🆀 : An anxiety disorder characterized by irrational and unabating fear that one's behavior will be scrutinized by others, causing the individual to feel embarrassed and humiliated.
Women - ♠︎ 🆀 : Which gender has about double the rate of panic disorder than the other?
norepinephrine - ♠︎ 🆀 : A view in the biological perspective holds that people with panic disorders have an excess of _______ in the amygdala (a structure in the limbic system involved in fear).
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) - ♠︎ 🆀 : A neurotransmitter with inhibitory effects on the neuron. People with panic disorders may have a defect in this neurotransmitter
basal ganglia - ♠︎ 🆀 : Subcortical areas of the brain involved in the control of motor movements. Abnormalties in this may be a genetic cause of OCD.
OCD Biological Treatment - ♠︎ 🆀 : Clomipramine or other serotonin reuptake inhibiting medications, Fluoxetine(Prozac), Sertraline(Zoloft) most effective
Cognitive Restructuring - ♠︎ 🆀 : Treatment for Social Phobia
agoraphobia - ♠︎ 🆀 : Intense anxiety about being trapped or stranded in a situation without help if a panic attack occurs. Such as elevators, crowded places
norepinephrine - ♠︎ 🆀 : A view in the biological perspective holds that people with panic disorders have an excess of _______ in the amygdala (a structure in the limbic system involved in fear).
cortisol - ♠︎ 🆀 : hormone that helps the body respond to stressors, inducing the fight-or-flight response
adjustment disorder - ♠︎ 🆀 : stress-related disorder that involves emotional and behavioral symptoms (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and/or antisocial behaviors) that arise within 3 months of the onset of a stressor
exposure and response prevention (ERP) - ♠︎ 🆀 : a behavioral type of therapy in which individuals with anxiety symptoms are exposed repeatedly to the focus of their anxiety but prevented from avoiding it or engaging in compulsive responses to the anxiety
fight or flight response - ♠︎ 🆀 : A set of physical or psychological symptoms that help us fight a threat or flee from it.
*Physiological changes result form activation of
- Autonomic nervous system-sympathetic division
- Adrenal cortical system-hormone releasing system.
acute stress disorder -
biopsychosocial theory - ♠︎ 🆀 : An integration of the models in order to look at multiple causes at a time.
Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and societal influences
Neuropsychological tests - ♠︎ 🆀 : a kind of projective test that detects brain impairment by measuring a person's cognitive, perceptual, and motor performances.
intelligence tests - ♠︎ 🆀 : a kind of projective test that is designed to measure a person's intelligence.
self-fulfilling prophecy of diagnosis - ♠︎ 🆀 : When a patient becomes misdiagnosed with an illness, and then acts in a way that agrees with the diagnosis to make it true.
uniformity myth - ♠︎ 🆀 : when therapy-outcome studies lump all therapies together to consider their general effectiveness
stigma of diagnosis - ♠︎ 🆀 : people who are labeled mentally ill might find it difficult to get a job, especially a position of responsibility, or to be welcomed into social relationships.
Biological approach to GAD - ♠︎ 🆀 : Approach to explaining GAD:
These theorists believe that GAD is caused chiefly by biological factors Supported by family pedigree studies
Biological relatives more likely to have GAD (~15%) than general population (~6%)
The closer the relative, the greater the likelihood
Competing explanation of shared environment
family pedigree study - ♠︎ 🆀 : a research design in which investigators determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder.
cognitive approach to GAD - ♠︎ 🆀 : Approach to explaining GAD:
Psychological problems are often caused by dysfunctional ways of thinking Excessive worry is a cognitive symptom and a key characteristic of GAD Theorists suggested that GAD is caused by maladaptive or irrational assumptions When these assumptions are applied to everyday life and to more and more events, GAD may develop
maladaptive assumptions - ♠︎ 🆀 : the inaccurate and inappropriate beliefs held by people with various psychological problems ->cognitive cause for GAD
psychodynamic approach to GAD - ♠︎ 🆀 : Freud believed that all children experience anxiety
Some children experience particularly high levels of anxiety, or their defense mechanisms are particularly inadequate, and they may develop GAD
neurotic anxiety - ♠︎ 🆀 : anxiety that occurs when a child is prevented from expressing their id impulses
moral anxiety - ♠︎ 🆀 : anxiety that occurs when a child is punished or threatened for expressing id impulses
specific phobias - ♠︎ 🆀 : a severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation (other than agoraphobia and social phobia).
behavioral approach to phobias - ♠︎ 🆀 : Approach to explaining phobias:
Phobias develop through conditioning
Once fears are acquired, the individuals avoid the dreaded object or situation, which allows the fears to become even more established
behavioral treatments for phobias - ♠︎ 🆀 : __________ treatments for phobias
Consists of: Exposure treatments - systematic desensitization, flooding, and modeling
social phobia - ♠︎ 🆀 : a severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur. Also called social anxiety disorder
Cognitive treatment for panic disorder - ♠︎ 🆀 : _________ treatment for panic disorder:
Tries to correct people's misinterpretations of their bodily sensations
Practice coping strategies and making more accurate interpretations
biological approach to panic disorder - ♠︎ 🆀 : Approach to the Causes of Panic Disorder:
Neurotransmitter at work is norepinephrine
♠︎ 🆀: the nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system that quicken the heartbeat and produce other changes experienced as fear or anxiety.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) - ♠︎ 🆀 : a behavioral exposure treatment in which clients move their eyes in a rhythmic manner from side to side while flooding their minds with images of objects and situations they ordinarily avoid.
Limitations of the "Four D's" - ♠︎ 🆀 : Sometimes the D's can be contradictive
It's sometimes hard to distinguish abnormal behavior vs. eccentric behavior.
Biological Model - ♠︎ 🆀 : What model?
- Theorists view abnormal behavior as an illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism.
- They typically point to problems in brain anatomy and brain chemistry as the cause of the behavior.
- They believe that low activity of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine can cause abnormal behavior.
- They believe in treating disorders with psychotropic drugs or psychosurgery
Freud's Developmental Stages - ♠︎ 🆀 : Freud proposed that at each stage of development, from infancy to maturity, new events challenge individuals and require adjustments in their id, ego, and superego. -If the adjustments are successful, they lead to personal growth. -If the adjustments are not successful, the person may become fixated at an early stage of development. Then all subsequent development suffers, and the individual may well be headed for abnormal functioning in the future.
Rogers' Humanistic Theory - ♠︎ 🆀 : The road to dysfunction begins in infancy. We all have a basic need to receive positive regard from the important people in our lives (primarily our parents)
- Those who receive unconditional positive regard early in life are likely to develop unconditional self-regard.
- Those who don't receive positive regard don't view themselves as worthy and can only see themselves as lovable if they complete conditions of worth, or standards that tell them they are lovable and acceptable only if they conform to certain guidelines.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder - ♠︎ 🆀 : symptoms (for at least 6 months) include:
feeling restless, keyed up, or on edge tire easily have difficulty concentrating suffer from muscle tension
have sleep problems.
Biological Treatment for GAD - ♠︎ 🆀 : __________ Treatment for GAD
-Researchers have found that the neurotransmitter GABA has low activity in people who have GAD.
- benzodiazepines (xanax) reduce anxiety by binding to GABA receptors and increase the ability of GABA to bind to them as well, which improves GABA's ability to stop neuron firing and reduce anxiety.
Panic Disorder - ♠︎ 🆀 : symptoms (must have at least four):
palpitations of the heart tingling in the hands or feet shortness of breath sweating hot and cold flashes trembling chest pains chocking sensations faintness dizziness a feeling of unreality
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - ♠︎ 🆀 : Only anxiety disorder where it is not more common in women than men
Norepinephrine Role in Stress - ♠︎ 🆀 : neurotransmitter that becomes a hormone once released to the bloodstream - produce arousal and fear
Cortisol - ♠︎ 🆀 : a stress hormone that produces arousal and fear reactions
Avoidance - ♠︎ 🆀 : what is a major characteristic of people with anxiety, especially phobias?
western societies - ♠︎ 🆀 : Where is GAD most common?
black - ♠︎ 🆀 : Is GAD greater in white or black women?
anxiety disorders - ♠︎ 🆀 : What is the most common mental illness in the United States?
client-centered therapy - ♠︎ 🆀 : What kind of therapy does the Humanistic Perspective use?
♠︎ 🆀: Attempts to ignore obsessions triggers....
id impulses - ♠︎ 🆀 : obsession are part of what? according to freud
compulsions - ♠︎ 🆀 : Behaviorist perspective on OCD focuses on what?
behavioral - ♠︎ 🆀 : Exposure and response prevention therapy for OCD is under which perspective?
cognitive - ♠︎ 🆀 : Which perspective says that, concerning OCD, everyone has repetitive, unwanted, intrusive thoughts, but ones with the disorder blame selves and expect terrible outcomes?
serotonin - ♠︎ 🆀 : OCD involves which neurotransmitter?
stress response - ♠︎ 🆀 : how we judge the event and our ability to react effectively and interpret is known as
onset and duration - ♠︎ 🆀 : what is the main difference between acute stress disorder and ptsd?
low income - ♠︎ 🆀 : What kind of individuals are twice as likely to experience ptsd or acute stress disorder?
norepinephrine and cortisol - ♠︎ 🆀 : What two neurotransmitters can contribute to ptsd and acute stress disorder?
hispanic americans - ♠︎ 🆀 : Which ethnic group is most vulnerable to ptsd and acute stress disorder?
6 months - ♠︎ 🆀 : Half of PTSD cases improve in....
