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Advanced Pathophysiology: Cell Biology and Signal Transduction, Exams of Pathophysiology

Harvard UniversityPathophysiology

An in-depth exploration of various cellular processes and signaling mechanisms in advanced pathophysiology. Topics include the comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cellular structures and functions such as movement, conductivity, absorption, excretion, respiration, secretion, and reproduction. Additionally, it covers different signaling types and the functions of organelles like ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria. The document also discusses the first and second messenger processes in signal transduction and the mechanisms of transport involving vesicle formation (endocytosis and exocytosis).

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 04/09/2024

CarlyBlair
CarlyBlair 🇺🇸

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Advanced Pathophysiology- Chapter 1 (ongoing)
1. Compare and contrast the two major classes of living cells. -
Size, Organelles, Nucleus, Nuclear envelope, Histones, genetics:
Prokaryotes: no organelles; no nuclear membrane; single circular chromosome; lack histones
• Eukaryotes: (good, nucleus) larger, more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization; membrane-
bound organelles; well defined nucleus; several chromosomes
Describe and give an example of: Movement -
Muscle cells, contraction
Describe and give an example of: Conductivity -
Nerve cells, response to a stimulation by excitement
Describe and give an example of: Absorption -
Kidney and intestinal epithelial cells, take in and use nutrients
Describe and give an example of: Excretion -
Lysosomes, breaking down of waste products and using enzymes
Describe and give an example of: Respiration -
absoprtion of O2 to transport nutrients ATP
Describe and give an example of: Secretion -
mucous gland, adrenal glands, testis, ovary cells; synthesize new substances from substances
they absorb then secrete
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Advanced Pathophysiology- Chapter 1 (ongoing)

  1. Compare and contrast the two major classes of living cells. - Size, Organelles, Nucleus, Nuclear envelope, Histones, genetics: Prokaryotes: no organelles; no nuclear membrane; single circular chromosome; lack histones
  • Eukaryotes: (good, nucleus) larger, more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization; membrane- bound organelles; well defined nucleus; several chromosomes Describe and give an example of: Movement - Muscle cells, contraction Describe and give an example of: Conductivity - Nerve cells, response to a stimulation by excitement Describe and give an example of: Absorption - Kidney and intestinal epithelial cells, take in and use nutrients Describe and give an example of: Excretion - Lysosomes, breaking down of waste products and using enzymes Describe and give an example of: Respiration - absoprtion of O2 to transport nutrients ATP Describe and give an example of: Secretion - mucous gland, adrenal glands, testis, ovary cells; synthesize new substances from substances they absorb then secrete

Describe and give an example of: Reproduction - tissue growth Describe and give an example of communication: - Pancreatic Cells, allows maintenance of a dynamic steady state Identify the principal parts of a typical eukaryotic cell. - The plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles Signaling Type: Requires cells to be in close membrane-membrane contact - Contact Dependent Signaling Signaling Type: cells secrete local chemical mediators, usually involves different cell types - Paracrine Signaling Signaling Type: Cells secrete local chemical mediators, usually involves same cell types-Seen in cancer cells, is important in normal growth - Autorcrine Signaling Signaling Type: Specialized endocrine cells secrete chemicals called hormones Example is TSH - Hormonal signaling Location and function of ribosomes. - Ribosomes are located in the outer membrane of the ER (rough ER, giving it its appearance) or float around in the cytosol. Their function is to provide sites for protein synthesis. Location and function of Endoplasmic Reticulum - Location: outside the nuclear envelope, Function: Synthesis and protein transport to organelles. Makes proteins, and senses cell stress.

  • Endocytosis: cellular internalizing process with a section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from outside the cell, invaginates, and separates from the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that moves into the inside of the cell
  • Exocytosis: discharge or secretion of material from the intracellular vesicles at the cell surface Difference between smooth and rough ER? - Ribsomes are on the rough ER, Rough ER is mainly protein synthesis and smooth ER is mainly steroid horomones and removal of toxins. Examples of passive diffusion. - O2, CO2, steroid (nonpolar), fatty acids and steroids (lipophillic-fast), sugars (water soluable)- slow Examples of passive-mediated diffusion (facilitated diffusion). - Glucose for RBC, this is passive, no energy is used. Goes down the concentration gradient. Any type of mediated transport needs integral/transmembrane proteins. Examples of active transport. - Na/K pump, needs ATP, is active transport. Difference between micropinocytosis and marcopinocytosis. - Micropinocystosis: Invagination by cell membrane to join with lysosome for cell consumption. Macropinocytosis is when large amounts of liquid are trapped. Examples of endocytosis. - Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis Purpose of exocytosis (2 main). - To replace areas in plasma membrane lost by endocytosis and to release substances into the ECM (like insulin)

Define and give an example of osmosis. - Water moving DOWN the concentration gradient, like in the kindey Define and give an example of hydrostatic pressure (filtration). - NEED ONE Define isotonic solution and give an example. - The osmolality is the same as the ECF/ICF. D5W and Normal 0.9 saline. Define hypotonic solution and give an example. What happens to the cell? - The cell swells and explodes. Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of solute. Water is an example. Define hypertonic solution and give an example. What happens to the cell? - The cell shrinks and implodes. Water gets pulled out of the cell. 3% saline. Which type of cell: simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnalar, stratified squamous, transitional - Epithelial Tissue Function and location of these epithelial cells. Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Stratified Squmaous Transtional - Squamous L) Lines major organs

F) Provides strength Elastic Connective L) Lungs, arteries, trachea F) Elasticity Reticular Connective L) Speen, liver, lymph nodes F) Scaffold for soft organs Cartilage L) End of long bones, nose, trachea F) Flexibility and support Bone L) Duh F) Duh Vascular L) Inside blood vessels F) O2/CO2 transport. clotting. L and F of fat and 3 types of muscle - Muscle: Smooth, skeletal, cardiac First step of action potential - Cell is polarized at -70mv, there is more Na outside the cell and more K+ inside the cell. Action potential uses both active and passive transport (diffusion). Cell is negatively charged. 2nd Step of action potential - Depolarization to +40mv, Na channels open and 3+ charged sodium rushes in. Na+ makes the cell positively charged. 3rd Step of action potential -

Repolarization (K channels open because K is unhappy and wants out. They diffuse out of the cell to repolarize it 4th step of action potential - Hyper polarization: Go back to baseline as K channels close (diffusion)