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COURSE TITLE:- INCLUSIVENESS

COURSE CODE:- SNIE

INSTRUCTOR:- Mr. Abreham F.

Chapter 1: Understanding Disabilities and

Vulnerabilities

Definitions of Basic Terms (Impairment, Disability and

Handicap)

Impairment:- Impairment means a lack/abnormality of an

anatomic, physiological or psychological structure or function or

deviation on a person.

It refers to any loss or abnormality of physiological,

psychological or anatomical structure or function.

It is the absence of particular body part or organ.

What is disability?

Models of disability

Traditional model

Medical model

Social model

1.TRADITIONAL MODEL OF DISABILITY

Traditionally, in many cultures around the world people with

physical, sensory or mental impairments were being punished by

God for wrong doing by themselves or their parents.

Disabilities as:

• Will of God/test from God
• Divine punishment

Based on culturally and religiously-determined fixed knowledge,

views, and practices.

Disability considered only a

health problem, medical issue

Solutions decided by "experts”,

based on diagnosis

Focus in elimination or cure of

disability, “ normalization”

(includes pre-natal genetic testing &

selective abortion)

We will rehabilitate

you so you can overcome

all barriers

We will rehabilitate

you so you can overcome

all barriers

EMPLOYMENT

Problem belongs to individual: Disability results directly from

impairment of the person.

29/12/

Brought the emergence of SPECIAL EDUCATION

8

The social model

Handicap

 It is a disadvantage for a given individual,

resulting from an impairment or disability that

limits/ prevents the fulfillment of a role that is

considered as normal depending on age, sex, and

social and cultural factors.

 It is a limitation of opportunities to take part in

life of the community.

The Relationship Among The Three

The interrelationship among the three terms are

illustrated in the following figure.

When someone is:

Short sighted Difficulty in seeing is

Inability to read due

to Lack of eye glasses

Impairment

Disability

Handicap

Causes of disability



What are the wrong perception regarding the

causes of disability in your community?

Some people, especially in the past times, wrongly believe

that disability is a punishment from God.

There are some who still believe that disability is a form of

personal punishment for individual with disability, a kind of

karma for their past mistakes , which is totally unacceptable

now days.

Environmental factors

Poverty and malnutrition in pregnant mothers can cause a deficiency

in vital minerals and result in deformation issues in the unborn

child.

The use of drugs, alcohol, tobacco, the exposure to certain toxic

chemicals and illnesses, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, rubella

and syphilis by a pregnant mother can cause intellectual disability to

the child.

Childhood diseases such as a whooping cough, measles, and

chicken pox may lead to meningitis and encephalitis.

Inaccessible environments

Causes of disability... Contn’d

Type Of Disabilities

1. Visual impairment:- in general designates two sub- classifications.

These are blindness and low vision.

Blindness:- total or partial inability to see because of disease or

disorder of the eye, optic nerve, or brain

Low vision:- The term low vision is used for moderately impaired

vision. People with low vision may have a visual impairment that

affects only central vision-the area directly in front of the eyes-or

peripheral vision-the area to either side of and slightly behind the

eyes.

The Eye

... Continued

2. Hearing Impairment

Hearing impairment is a generic term indicating a continuum of

hearing loss from mild to profound, which includes the sub-

classifications of the hard of hearing and deaf.

Hard of Hearing: This term is used to describe persons with

enough (usually with hearing aids) as a primary modality of

acquisition of language and in communication with others.

Deaf: Those who have difficulty understanding speech, even with

hearing aids but can successfully communicate in sign language.