Agile Enterprises-Industry Analysis-Report, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Electrical Engineering

Download Agile Enterprises-Industry Analysis-Report and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Electrical Engineering in PDF only on Docsity!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“Perserverance, inspiration, and motivation has always played key role in an any

venture. It is not just the brain that matters most, but that which guides them: the

character, the heart, generous, qualities and progressive forces; what was conceived

just as an idea materialized slowly into concrete facts? The metamorphosis took end

less hours of toil had its moment of frustration, but in the end everything seemed to

have sense”

At this level of understanding it is often difficult to understand the which spectrum of

knowledge without proper guidance & advice. Hence , I take this opportunity to

express my heartfelt gratitude to respected Er. Anurag Goyal who had faith in me to

work on PIC controller and for his kind cooperation throughout the period work

undertaken, which has been instrumented in the success of my project and for

providing me technical knowledge and moral support to complete the work.

I would also like to pay my sincere gratitude to respected Er. Vinay Bhardwaj head of

the department of electronics, shree siddhivinayak group of institutions, Bilaspur for

providing me opportunity to move with such a big corporation.

SSET 2

LIST OF FIGURE

FIG.NO. DESCRIPTION

1 Block diagram of PIC 16F877A

2 Pin diagram

3 Power supply description

4 Transformer

5 LED interfacing

6 Relay

7 Interfacing of relay

8 Seven segment display

9 Seven segment interfacing

10 LCD pin description

11 Interfacing with LCD

12 Rotar alignment

13 Winding configuration

14 Stator winding configuration

15 Stepper motor

INDEX

contents

• SSET
• Chapter 1: Introduction to embedded system Company profile
• 1.1 embedded system
• 1.2 application area
• 1.3 Microcontrollers
• 1.4 Block diagram of microcontroller
• 1.5 Introduction to PIC16F877A
• 1.6 Features of PIC16F877A
• Chapter 2: Literature review
• 2.1 Power supply description
• 2.2 LED interfacing
• 2.3 Relay
• 2.4 seven segment
• 2.5 LCD display
• 2.6 Stepper motor
• Chapter 3 : ORCAD
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 How to use ORCAD software
• 3.3 Procedure for making PCB
• SSET
• Chapter 4 : Result
• 4.1 Result
• Chapter 5 : Conclusion & future scope
• 5.1 Conclusion
• 5.2 future scope
• References

SSET 5

COMPANY PROFILE

Agile Enterprises is synonymous to expertise in the field of EMBEDDED SYSTEM

DESIGN, within the chain of interlinked processes encompassing product design,

styling, rapid prototyping, tool design, analysis and embedded system engineering.

ABOUT AGILE

We possess a comprehensive range of service competencies that will ensure

comprehensive solutions from the concept to production ensuring quality, reliability

of product, time and cost benefits to our customers. Technology adoption and its

quick deployment is our ability.

Agile Enterprises having highly skilled, experienced team to contribute to our

dynamic, fast-growing support and development.

They are continuously working in embedded product development since

2003. Our solutions help to shorten the “CONCEPT TO PRODUCTION DESIGN

CYCLE” without the additional investment in equipment and personnel.

THERE TEAM :-

They have complete team of Embedded Product Development having Firmware

Engineers, Hardware Engineers, Software Engineers, Circuit & PCB design

Engineers, Test Engineers.

CAPABILITIES :-

They also have full Production capabilities to deliver complete product to there

customers. We have collaboration with PCB manufacturers, CNC soldering

companies, Semiconductor & Discrete part suppliers to get unbeatable quality and

price.

There custom design services help there customers to change existing

designs as per there requirements and also develop completely new product.

Expertise :-

There embedded Solutions are based on latest semiconductor technologies for Battery

powered products, Microcontrollers, Custom ASIC, Custom LCD glass, Character

LCD, Graphics LCD, Hall effect sensors, Magnetic pickup sensors and many more.

There team is having strong experience in Embedded products like meters, sensors,

smart transmitters, Protection equipments, Data loggers, Indicators, Counters, GSM

based product monitoring, Wireless (IR & RF) based control and configuration

system.

SSET 6

CHAPTER-

Introduction to Embedded system and

microcontrollers

SSET 7

1.1 What is an Embedded System

An Embedded System is a microprocessor based system that is embedded as a

subsystem, in a larger system (which may or may not be a computer system ).

1.2 Application areas

 Automotive electronics

 Aircrafts electronics

SSET 8

 Telecommunications

 Smart buildings

 Trains

1.3 What is a Microcontroller?

Basically, a microcontroller is a device which integrates a number of the components of a

microprocessor system onto a single microchip and optimized to interact with the outside

world through on-board interfaces; i.e. it is a little gadget that houses a microprocessor, ROM

(Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), I/O (Input Output functions), and

various other specialized circuits all in one package.

SSET 9

PIC16F877A

SSET 10

1.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A MICROCONTROLLER

Fig. 1.

ALU

ACCUMULATOR

REGISTERS

INTERNAL

ROM

I/O

PORT

TIMER/COUNTER

I/O

PORT

ALU

PROGRAM COUNTER

CLOCK

CIRCUIT

INTRUPT

CIRCUIT

INTERNAL

RAM

SSET 11

1.5 Introduction to PIC16F877A

PIN DESCRIPTION

Fig. 1.2 Pin diagram of PIC16F877A

SSET 12

1.6 Specific features of PIC16F877A microcontroller:

 It has Eight-bit CPU.

 This controller has only 35 instructions.

 Maximum operating speed is 20 MHZ.

 Power saving sleep mode.

 Power on reset (POR)

 Power off reset (BOR).

PIC16F877A microcontroller has 40 pins. It has 5 ports like PORTA, PORTB,

PORTC, PORTD, PORTE.

PORTB, PORTC, PORTD are 8-bit wide, bidirectional port. Whereas PORTA is 6-bit

wide and PORTE is 3-bit wide, bidirectional port.

PORTA is a 6-bit wide, bidirectional port. The corresponding data direction register

is TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit(=1) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an input

(i.e put the corresponding output driver in a high-impedance mode). Clearing a

TRISA bit(=0) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an output(i.e put the

contents of the output latch on the selected pin).

SSET 13

CHAPTER-

LITERATURE REVIEW

SSET 14

2.1 POWER SUPPLY DESCRIPTION:

**

Fig. 2.

2.1.1 The power supply circuit comprises of four basic parts:

The transformer steps down the 220 V a/c. into 12 V a/c. the transformer work on the

principle of magnetic induction, where two coils primary and secondary wound

around an iron core. The two coils are physically insulated from each other in such a

way that passing an a/c current through the primary coil creates changing magnetic

field in the core. This in turn induces a varying a/c. voltage in secondary coil.

The a/c voltage then fed into bridge rectifier. The rectifier circuit is used in most

electronic power supplies in single phase bridge rectifier with capacitor filtering,

usually followed by a linear voltage regulator. A rectifier circuit is necessary to

convert a signal having zero average value into a non-zero average value. A rectifier

transforms alternating current by limiting or regulating the direction of flow of

current. The output resulting from a rectifier is a pulsating D.C voltage. This voltage

is not appropriate for the components that are going to work through it.

SHUNT

TRANSFORMER CAPACITOR

BRIDGE

RECTIFIER

VOLTAGE

REGULATOR

SSET 15

2.1.2 TRANSFORMER

O/P

Fig.2.

Here the o/p of the transformer 12-0-12 is fed into the bridge rectifier (containing

diode 1n4007) the ripple of the D.C voltage from bridge rectifier is smoothened using

a filter capacitor of 1000 microF 25V. The o/p of the capacitor is not suitable for the

use of microcontroller and other electronic component because of fluctuating in

nature. The constant voltage for the i/p of the microcontroller is achieved by the 78xx

IC’s. The 78xx IC’s are positive voltage regulator whereas 79xx IC’s are negative

voltage regulators.

IC 7805

In this power supply IC 7805 is used. Its o/p is 5 V regulated dc voltage.

T

12-0-

D

1N

D

1N

D

1N

D

1N

C

1000 UF

1 VIN VOUT 3

GND

U

78ST

SSET 16

2.2 LED INTERFACING

Like a normal diode, an LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material

impregnated, or doped, with impurities to create a p-n junction. As in diodes, current

flows easily from p-side to n-side, but not in reverse direction. Charge carriers-

electrons and holes-flow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages.

When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy

in the form of photon.

The wavelength of light emitted, and therefore its color, depends on the band gap

energy of the materials forming the p-n junction. In silicon and germanium diodes,

The electrons and holes recombine by a non-radiative transition which produces no

optical emission, because these are indirect band gap materials.

The materials used for LED have a direct band gap with energies corresponding to

near-infrared, visible or near ultraviolet light.

Led development began with infrared and red devices made with gallium arsenide.

Advances in materials science have made possible the production with ever-shorter

wavelengths, producing light in variety of colors.

Conventional LEDs are made from a variety of inorganic semiconductor materials,

producing the following colors:

Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) - red and infrared

Aluminium gallium phosphide (AlGaP) - green

Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) - high brightness orange-red,

orange, yellow and green

Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) - red, orange-red, orange and yellow

Gallium phosphide (GaP) - red, yellow and green

Gallium nitride (GaN) - green, pure green,(or emerald green) and blue also white(if it

has an AlGaN Quantum Barrier)

SSET 17

Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) - near ultraviolet, bluish-green and blue

Silicon carbide (SiC) as substrate - blue

Silicon (si) as substrate – blue (under development)

Sapphire (Al203) as substrate - blue

Zinc selenide (ZnSe) – blue

Diamond (C)- ultraviolet

Aluminium nitride (AlN) ,aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN), aluminium gallium

indium nitride (AlGaInN) –near to far ultraviolet (down to 210 nm) with this wide

variety of colors, arrays of multicolor LEDs can be designed to produce

unconventional color patterns.

Fig. 3.

2 RA0/AN

3 RA1/AN

(^4) RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVref (^5) RA3/AN3/VREF+ (^6) RA4/TOCKL/C1OUT (^7) RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT (^8) RE0/RD/AN (^9) RE1/WR/AN (^10) RE2/CS/AN (^11) VDD (^12) VSS (^13) OSC1/CLKI (^14) OSC2/CLKO (^15) RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI (^16) RC1/T1OSI/CCP (^17) RC2/CCP (^18) RC3/SCK/SCL (^19) RD0/PSP (^20) RD1/PSP1 RD2/PSP2 21

RD3/PSP3 22

RC4/SDI/SDA 23

RC5/SDO 24

RC6/TX/CK 25

RC7/RX/DT 26

RD4/PSP4 27

RD5/PSP5 28

RD6/PSP6 29

RD7/PSP7 30

GND 31

v cc 32

RB0/INT 33

RB1 34

RB2 35

RB3/PGM 36

RB4 37

RB5 38

VCC MCLR/VPP RB7/PGD 40

RB6/PGC 39 RB5^ RB

RB

RB

RB

RB

D

LED

D

LED

D

LED

D

LED

D

LED

D

LED

D

LED

D

LED

R

1k

R

1k

R

1k

R

1k

R

1k

R

1k

R

1k

R

1k

VCC VCC

RB

VCC

RB

C

0.1uf

MCLR

R

10k

SW

VCC

SSET 18

LED INTERFACING WITH PIC16F877A

2.3 RELAY

RELAY SPDT

Fig. 4.

The electromagnetic relay consists of a multi turn coil, wound on the iron core, to

form an electromagnet. When the coil is energized, by passing the current through it,

the core becomes temporarily magnetized. The magnetized core attracts the iron

armature. The armature is pivoted which causes it to operate one or more sets of

contacts.

When the coil is de-energized the armature and the contacts are released. The coil can

be energized from a low power source such as transistor while the contacts can be

switch high powers such as main supply. The relay can also be situated remotely from

the control source. Relays can generate a very high voltage across the coil when

switched off. This can damage other components in the circuits. To prevent this a

diode is connected across the coil.

3

5

4

1

2

COM

NO

NC

SSET 19

Fig. 4.

Relay has five points. Out of the 2 operating points one is permanently connected to

the VCC and other point is connected to the collector side of the BC547 transistor.

When the collector current start and the signal is given to the operating points the coil

gets magnetized and attracts the iron armature from pin 5 to 4 (from normally

connected NC to normally open position NO). now the pin-3 of con3 gets VCC

supply and resistance R2 and red LED comes into the circuits and red LED starts

glowing because red LED gets forward bias. Similarly when the collector current of

the transistor stops the coil of the relay gets de-magnetized and the iron armature

comes back to the normally connected position. Now the pin-1 of the con3 gets VCC

supply and the resistance R1 and LED green comes into the circuits and the green

LED starts glowing and red Led stops. To remove the base leakage voltage when no

signal is present a470-ohm resistance is used.

SSET 20

Fig. 4.

Relay interfacing with LED

3 5

4

1

2

LS

RELAY SPDT

1

2

3

J

CON

R R

D LED GREEN

R R

D LED RED

1

J

CON

R

470

BC

VCC

SSET 21

2.4 Seven segment

The seven segment LED display has four individual digits, each with a decimal point.

Each of the seven segment (and the decimal point) in a given digit contains an

individual LED. When a suitable voltage is applied to the given segment LED, current

flows through and illuminates that segment LED. By choosing which segments to

illuminate, any of the nine digits can be shown. For example, as shown in the figure

below, a 2 can be display by illuminating segments a, b, d, e and g.

Fig. 5.1

Digit

shown

Illuminated segment(1=illumination)

a b c D e f G

0^1 1 1 1 1 1 0

1^0 1 1 0 0 0 0

2^1 1 0 1 1 0 1

3^1 1 1 1 0 0 1

4^0 1 1 0 0 1 1

SSET 22

5^1 0 1 1 0 1 1

6^1 0 1 1 1 1 1

7^1 1 1 0 0 0 0

8^1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9^1 1 1 1 0 1 1

Table 1

Seven segment displays come in two varieties – common anode (CA) and common

cathode (CC). In a CA display, the anodes for the seven segments and the decimal

point are joined into a single circuit node. To illuminate a segment in a CA display,

the voltage on a cathode must be at a suitably lower voltage (about .7 V) than the

anode. In a CC display, the cathodes are joined together, and the segments are

illuminated by bringing the anode voltage higher than the cathode node (again, by

about .7V). The digital board uses CA displays.

The seven LEDs in each digit are labeled a-g. Since the digital board uses CA

displays, the anodes for the each of the four digits are connected in a common node,

so that four separate anode circuit nodes exists (one per digit). Similar cathode leads

for each digit have also been tied together to form seven common circuit nodes. So

that one node exists for the for each segment type. These four anode and seven

cathode circuit nodes are available at the J2 connector pins labeled A1-A4 and CA-

CG. With this scheme, any segment of any digit can be driven individually. For

example, to illuminate segment b and c in the second digit, the b and c cathode nodes

would be brought to a suitable low voltage (by connecting the corresponding circuit

node available at the J2 connector to ground), and anode 2 would be brought to a

suitable high voltage (by connecting the corresponding circuit node available at the J2

connector to Vdd)

SSET 23

Fig. 5.2

Fig. 5.3

INTERFACING OF 7-SEGMENT WITH PIC16F877A

E^

D^

C O M

C^

D P

B

A

C O M

F

G

R10

R

R11

R

R12

RR13

R

R14

R

R15

R

R16

R

R17

R

seg1

seg2

seg4

seg5

seg6

seg7

seg9

seg10

seg10 seg9 seg7 seg6 seg5 seg4 seg2 seg1

2 RA0/AN0

3 RA1/AN1

(^4) RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVref (^5) RA3/AN3/VREF+ (^6) RA4/TOCKL/C1OUT (^7) RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT (^8) RE0/RD/AN5 (^9) RE1/WR/AN6 (^10) RE2/CS/AN7 (^11) VDD (^12) VSS (^13) OSC1/CLKI (^14) OSC2/CLKO (^15) RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI (^16) RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 (^17) RC2/CCP1 (^18) RC3/SCK/SCL (^19) RD0/PSP0 (^20) RD1/PSP1 RD2/PSP2 21

RD3/PSP3 22

RC4/SDI/SDA 23

RC5/SDO 24

RC6/TX/CK 25

RC7/RX/DT 26

RD4/PSP4 27

RD5/PSP5 28

RD6/PSP6 29

RD7/PSP7 30

GND 31

v cc 32

RB0/INT 33

RB1 34

RB2 35

RB3/PGM 36

RB4 37

RB5 38

VCC MCLR/VPP RB7/PGD 40

RB6/PGC 39

VCC

C3

0.1uf

MCLR

R9

10k

SW2

VCC

VCC

SSET 24

2.5 Liquid crystal display

2.5.1 LCD display

Liquid crystal displays (LCD) are widely used in recent years as compare to LCDs.

This is due to declining prices of LCD, the ability to display numbers, character and

graphics, incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, their by relieving the

CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD and also the ease of programming for

characters and the graphics. HD44780 based LCD are most commonly used.

2.5.2 LCD pin description

The LCD discuss in this section has the most common connector used for the Hitachi

44780 based LCD is 14 pin in a row and modes operation and how to program and

interface with microcontroller is describes in this section.

Fig. 6.1

LCD pin description diagram

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

J1

CON16

VC C

GND D7

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

GND

VC C

C ONTRAST

RS

R/ W

E

D0

R1 PORTLEFT-R^ R

1

2

SSET 25

Vcc, Vss, Vee

The voltage Vcc and Vss provided by the +5V and ground respectively while Vee

used for controlling LCD contrast. Variable voltage between ground and Vcc is used

to specify the contrast (or “darkness”) of the character on the LCD screen.

RS (register select)

There are two important register inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for there

selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction command code register is selected, then

allowing tom user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at home etc. if

RS=1,the data register is selected , allowing the user to send data to be displayed on

the LCD.

R/W (read/write)

The R/W (read/write) input allowing the user to write information from it. R/W=1,

when it read and R/W=0, when it writing.

EN (enable)

The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins.

When data is supplied to its pins, a high power, a high-to-low pulse must be applied to

this pin in order to for the LCD to latch in the data presented at the data pins.

D0-D7 (data lines)

The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the

contents of the LCD’s internal registers. To displays the letters and the numbers, we

send ASCII codes for the letters A-Z, a-z, and numbers 0-9 to these pins while

making RS=1.there are also command codes that can be sent to clear the display or

force the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor.