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AICE Environmental Management
Ultimate Review complete guide
Name the oceans of the world. - CORRECT ANSWER Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Southern Name the continents - CORRECT ANSWER Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America Where is the Atlantic Ocean? - CORRECT ANSWER East coast of US Where is the Pacific Ocean located? - CORRECT ANSWER Left of South America Where is the Indian Ocean? - CORRECT ANSWER South India Where is the Southern Ocean? - CORRECT ANSWER Above Antarctica Where is the Arctic Ocean? - CORRECT ANSWER North Pole Where is Africa located? - CORRECT ANSWER Below Europe Where is North America - CORRECT ANSWER USA, Canada, Greenland, gulf of mexico ect. Where is South America - CORRECT ANSWER Below North America
Where is Europe? - CORRECT ANSWER Uk, iceland, france, ukraine, finland ect. Where is Asia? - CORRECT ANSWER Russia, china, india, japan ect. Where is Antarctica? - CORRECT ANSWER South Pole Where is Oceania? - CORRECT ANSWER australia, new zealand, papua new guinea ect. low-income countries - CORRECT ANSWER nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income high-income countries - CORRECT ANSWER nations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and personal income middle-income countries - CORRECT ANSWER nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income Sustainability - CORRECT ANSWER meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Describe the need to use our resources sustainably. - CORRECT ANSWER We need to use our resources sustainably because at the current rate we will not have enough for future generations. We need to scale back our use of resources and be more efficient with the ones we have Water Cycle - CORRECT ANSWER The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back
main gasses of the atmosphere - CORRECT ANSWER nitrogen • oxygen • carbon dioxide • argon • water vapour What layer contains ozone - CORRECT ANSWER Stratosphere function of ozone layer - CORRECT ANSWER Keeps most UV light from reaching Earth Atmospheric layer where weather occurs - CORRECT ANSWER Troposphere Explain the greenhouse effect and its role in maintaining Earth's temperature. - CORRECT ANSWER • ultraviolet radiation (shortwave radiation) passes through the Earth's atmosphere and is absorbed by the Earth's surface • some energy is re-emitted back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation (longwave radiation) • greenhouse gases absorb some of this infrared radiation and prevent it from leaving the atmosphere Biome - CORRECT ANSWER A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms Ecosystem - CORRECT ANSWER A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Population - CORRECT ANSWER A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area Community - CORRECT ANSWER All the different populations that live together in an area habitat - CORRECT ANSWER Place where an organism lives Niche - CORRECT ANSWER Full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions
Abiotic Factors - CORRECT ANSWER Nonliving components of environment. biotic factors - CORRECT ANSWER living and once living parts of an ecosystem List the (3) types of biotic factors - CORRECT ANSWER Producers, Consumers (primary, secondary, tertiary), Decomposers List the (7) abiotic factors of an ecosystem - CORRECT ANSWER Temperature - Humidity - Water - Oxygen - Salinity - Light - pH Producers - CORRECT ANSWER Organisms that make their own food using the sun Consumers - CORRECT ANSWER An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains. decomposers/detritivores - CORRECT ANSWER An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms primary consumers (herbivores) eat - CORRECT ANSWER producers secondary consumer - CORRECT ANSWER An organism that eats primary consumers tertiary consumers (carnivores) - CORRECT ANSWER organisms in the fourth trophic level (eg, hawks and sea otters), which obtain their energy by eating secondary consumers Describe how biotic factors affect the number and the diversity of organisms found within an ecosystem - CORRECT ANSWER Biotic factors impact the availability of food sources to secondary and
food chain - CORRECT ANSWER A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten food web - CORRECT ANSWER a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains. What is transferred between organisms on a food chain/web - CORRECT ANSWER energy energy pyramid - CORRECT ANSWER A diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web pyramid of biomass - CORRECT ANSWER A pyramid that illustrates the total mass of all the organisms in a trophic level. pyramid of numbers - CORRECT ANSWER representation of the number of individual organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystem aerobic respiration - CORRECT ANSWER Breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen to create energy and carbon dioxide Formula for aerobic respiration - CORRECT ANSWER C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy word formula for photosynthesis - CORRECT ANSWER Carbon Dioxide + Water ------Sun------> Glucose + Oxygen word formula for cellular respiration - CORRECT ANSWER oxygen + glucose > carbon dioxide + water + energy Carbon Cycle Steps - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide from respiration and combustion. 2. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by producers to make carbohydrates in
photosynthesis. 3. Animals feed on the plant passing the carbon compounds along the food chain. Most of the carbon they consume is exhaled as carbon dioxide formed during respiration. The animals and plants eventually die. 4. The dead organisms are eaten by decomposers and the carbon in their bodies is returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. In some conditions decomposition is blocked. The plant and animal material may then be available as fossil fuel in the future for combustion. Describe how the scientific method involves the interplay between observations and the formation, testing and evaluation of hypotheses. - CORRECT ANSWER Scientists make an observation which leads them to ask a question. They think of a possible solution or reasoning for the observation they made (hypothesis) and then design and analyze a test (experiment) to see if their reasoning was correct. independent variable - CORRECT ANSWER variable that is manipulated/changed/whos effect is being studied. dependent variable - CORRECT ANSWER The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested. Reliable Data - CORRECT ANSWER Data that is consistent and repeatable Bias data - CORRECT ANSWER Occurs when the experimenter purposely manipulates the results in a way that will prove their hypothesis is true Early climate data - CORRECT ANSWER limited amount of historical data, can be re-examined using proxy data such as ice cores, tree rings and coral growth rings. present climate data - CORRECT ANSWER development of scientific theory • advances in technology (Satellites, Geospatial systems and monitoring, computer models) random sampling - CORRECT ANSWER a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Beating trays method - CORRECT ANSWER A cloth that is usually stretched out using a frame. The frame is then held under a tree or shrub and the foliage is then shaken. Invertebrates fall from the foliage and land on the cloth. They can then be examined or collected. Kick sampling - CORRECT ANSWER Used to study river organism, sediment is kicked up and a net downstream catches any organisms for a set period of time light traps - CORRECT ANSWER A method of sampling populations of night-flying organisms that are attracted to lights, especially moths. Capture-mark-recapture - CORRECT ANSWER The method involves capturing a number of animals, marking them, releasing them back into the population, and then determining the ratio of marked to unmarked animals in the population. Also known as The Lincoln Index, a process which is used to estimate the size of populations which are very mobile and difficult to survey. Water turbidity - CORRECT ANSWER Turbidity (from sediment) reduces the amount of light penetrating the water column, thus depressing primary productivity. questionaire data - CORRECT ANSWER facts and figures obtained by asking people about their attitudes, awareness, intentions, and behaviors Lincoln Index - CORRECT ANSWER a way to measure the abundance of small motile organisms (catch 1 x catch 2) / marked in catch 2 Simpson's Index of Diversity - CORRECT ANSWER a measure of biodiversity that takes into account both species richness and species evenness. AFCOR scale - CORRECT ANSWER The ACFOR scale can be used to collect data on the abundance of each species. Abundant - Common - Frequent - Occasional - Rare - None
Geospatial Data - CORRECT ANSWER Information about a physical object that can be represented by numerical values in a geographic coordinate system. satellite data - CORRECT ANSWER Another useful tool in forecasting is satellite imagery. It is especially useful in data sparse regions such as over the ocean and in the polar regions. radio tracking - CORRECT ANSWER Using radio transmitters attached to animals to follow their movements and activity computer modeling - CORRECT ANSWER The use of computer technology and mathematical algorithms to create abstract models of systems and processes to simulate their behavior. crowd sourcing - CORRECT ANSWER inviting broad communities of people - customers, employees, independent scientists and researchers, and even the public at large - into the new product innovation process Big Data - CORRECT ANSWER a broad term for datasets so large or complex that traditional data processing applications are inadequate. Problems with big data - CORRECT ANSWER The way it can be used and its reliability Benefits of Big Data - CORRECT ANSWER vast amounts of data can be gathered extremely quickly Poulation Density - CORRECT ANSWER the number of individuals of the same species that live in a given unit of area Factors the influence population density - CORRECT ANSWER environmental, historical, social/political, and economical
also helps to slow population growth because they are able to be in charge of how many children they have in their life. A policy for managing populations from UN - CORRECT ANSWER They have several policies and initiatives on managing immigration. A policy for managing populations from Club of Rome - CORRECT ANSWER resource conservation through agenda of limiting population growth and promoting sustainable economic development in order to address perceived problems of environmental degradation. A policy for managing populations from Agenda 21 - CORRECT ANSWER To promote an open, non- discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system that will enable all countries - in particular, the developing countries - to improve their economic structures and improve the standard of living of their populations through sustained economic development Agenda 21 - CORRECT ANSWER UN program to make development environmentally and socially sustainable in the 21st century Club of Rome - CORRECT ANSWER a group of social and natural scientists created in 1968 to examine the future predicament of humankind. Their 1972 study, Limits of Growth, helped shape the debate over the interrelated issues of global population growth, resource depletion, and environmental degradation rainforest biome - CORRECT ANSWER year round warmth and high rainfall levels. almost all lie near the equator in South America, central Africa and southern Asia. Very nutrient poor soil. temperate forest biome - CORRECT ANSWER made of a mix of deciduous and evergreen trees. fertile soils with rich humus layers. 4 seasons with warm summers and cold winters
temperate grassland - CORRECT ANSWER a community (or biome) that is dominated by grasses, has few trees, and is characterized by cold winters and rainfall that is intermediate between that of a forest and a desert tropical grassland - CORRECT ANSWER grasses and scattered trees adapted to a tropical wet and dry climate tundra biome - CORRECT ANSWER very short cold summers and very long and extremely cold winters with strong winds and little precipitation. contains permafrost Desert Biome - CORRECT ANSWER very little rainfall with soils rich in minerals but poor in nutrients. temperature, elevation, and latitude can vary greatly primary succession - CORRECT ANSWER succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. Takes an extremely long time. secondary succession - CORRECT ANSWER Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil primary succession pioneer species - CORRECT ANSWER mosses and lichens secondary succession pioneer species - CORRECT ANSWER weeds and grasses pioneer species - CORRECT ANSWER First species to populate an area during primary succession climax community - CORRECT ANSWER A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time
International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO) - CORRECT ANSWER An intergovernmental organisation which promotes the conservation and sustainable management, use and trade of tropical forest resources. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List - CORRECT ANSWER This is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. It uses a set of precise criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. EDGE species (Evolutionary Distinct and Globally Endangered) - CORRECT ANSWER The EDGE of Existence programme highlights and protects some of the most unique species on the planet, which are on the verge of extinction. The ultimate goal of the EDGE programme is to ensure that local stakeholders, governments, and in-country and international conservation organisations take ownership of these forgotten species and commit to ensuring their future survival. Captive breeding programs - CORRECT ANSWER Raising and breeding organisms in controlled conditions, such as zoos or aquariums pros of captive breeding - CORRECT ANSWER Captive breeding saves animals from extinction, disease, and other threats., Captive breeding provides better living conditions, Economic resource - promoting tourism and employment., Helpful for scientific research. cons of captive breeding - CORRECT ANSWER Not all animals do well in captive breeding., It's expensive., Animals born in captivity often have to stay in captivity all their lives., A single program or zoo cannot keep and sustain the entire species. Habitat Conservation - CORRECT ANSWER A plan that attempts to protect one or more species across large areas of land through trade-offs or cooperative agreements Rewilding - CORRECT ANSWER Large-scale conservation aimed at restoring and protecting core wilderness areas, providing connectivity between such areas, and protecting or reintroducing apex predators and keystone species.
extractive reserves - CORRECT ANSWER Areas of land, often forest, that are protected for extractive uses by local groups; one of the best known is in the Amazon Rainforest and named for Chico Mendes, a rubber tapper who organized resistance to deforestation by ranchers and was murdered in 1988 national parks - CORRECT ANSWER One form of reserve that is intended to protect natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific, educational and recreational use nature reserves - CORRECT ANSWER Protected areas of land where building, poaching and and farming are restricted. Usually run by government agencies. Conservation Zones - CORRECT ANSWER Areas designated with the aim to protect nationally important, rare or threatened habitats and species. No development is allowed. In marine zones people cannot fish there. protected areas - CORRECT ANSWER geographic spaces on land or at sea that are recognized, dedicated, and managed to achieve long-term conservation of nature Impact of deforestation on Amazon soil - CORRECT ANSWER Deforestation of the rainforest has had several impacts. The soil in the rainforest is very nutrient poor. Farmers burn the vegetation to return some of the nutrients from the trees to the soil but they are depleted very quickly as there is no new natural vegetation to replace it. Additionally, by removing trees from the rainforest you allow the soil to easily erode away causing siltation in the water (turbid water where photosynthesis cannot happen and there are low oxygen levels), and you can also have events such as mudslides and landslides because there are no roots to hold the soil in place. Impact of deforestation of the Amazon on global climate change - CORRECT ANSWER By removing trees from the rainforest you are increasing global climate change. First, the trees are carbon sinks (they take in carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere which is a greenhouse gas. Second, removing the trees takes machinery which also give off greenhouse gasses. sustainable harvesting - CORRECT ANSWER Using natural resouces at a rate where nature can replenish them.
Short Term Energy Security - CORRECT ANSWER systems that react promptly to sudden changes in the supply-demand balance why fossil fuels are a non renewable energy source - CORRECT ANSWER Fossil fuels are a non renewable energy source because they cannot be replenished in our lifetime. How do developed and developing countries compare when it comes to energy consumption? Why? - CORRECT ANSWER Generally, we see that a person living in a developed country, which has a highly developed economy, will consume more energy than a person living in a developing country that is non-industrialized and poor. If the economy of a developing country improves, the energy consumption for that country rises. What type of country (developed or developing) uses more fossil fuels? Why? - CORRECT ANSWER Developed countries use more fossil fuels because it is less available and more expensive compared to using biomass. Which is plentiful and inexpensive Does industrialization lead to high energy consumption rates? Why/why not - CORRECT ANSWER Industrialization leads to high energy consumption because of the increased demand to run factories and keep up with demand. landfill site - CORRECT ANSWER a large area of ground, normally lined, that is used for disposal of waste material incineration of waste - CORRECT ANSWER Involves the combustion (burning) of substances contained in waste materials. waste storage - CORRECT ANSWER the temporary containment of solid waste, in an approved manner, after generating and prior to collection and disposal. disposal at sea - CORRECT ANSWER Taking waste and throwing it into the ocean. Allowed with a permit.
Recycling - CORRECT ANSWER Objects are converted to raw materials which can be used to produce new products. exporting waste - CORRECT ANSWER One way rich countries dispose of their waste is to ship it to another (usually LIC) country. Water security - CORRECT ANSWER the ability to access sufficient quantities of clean water to maintain adequate standards of food and manufacturing of goods, adequate sanitation and sustainable health care Impact of water insecurity - CORRECT ANSWER climate change, including changes in rainfall - natural disasters, including drought and flooding - pollution events - inadequate sanitation - population growth, changes in land usage including deforestation and urbanisation - competing demands from agricultural, industrial, energy and domestic sectors - mismanagement of irrigation, including salinisation international competition over water sources - inequality of availability between water-rich and water-poor regions - differing access to safe drinking water in urban and rural areas Impacts of water insecurity on crops/livestock - CORRECT ANSWER Reduced crops and death for livestock. Impacts of water insecurity on human health - CORRECT ANSWER illness caused by contaminated drinking water, limited to diarrhea and cholera Impacts of water insecurity on food security - CORRECT ANSWER Food shortages/malnutrition/famine Strategies for managing water - CORRECT ANSWER sustainable water extraction - reduction in water usage in agriculture and domestic sector - education on sustainable water use - poverty reduction - international agreement and water-related aid - rationing
