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Aids Project CBSE Class 11. A project for biology class 11
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SUBMITTED BY: Zoheb Muhammed Alyafi SUPERVISED BY: ROYCHAN K.J. MFSc, NET [ Subject Teacher (Biology) ]
Khamis Mushayt Ministry of Education, KSA, Lic. no. 265/C Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE
Zoheb Muhammed Alyafi AL JANOUB IINTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
January 2016
Certified that the candidate................................................................................... CBSE Reg. No………………………………………………………….. was examined by us in the project work/viva voce examination held at Al Janoub International School on………................................................ Internal Examiner External Examiner Place: Khamis Mushayt Date:
AL JANOUB INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, CLASS XI (2018-19 BATCH) ABSTRACT Many of the clinical features of HIV/AIDS can be ascribed to the profound immune deficiency which develops in infected patients. The destruction of the immune system by the virus results in opportunistic infection, as well as an increased risk of autoimmune disease and malignancy. In addition, disease manifestations related to the virus itself may occur. For example, during the primary illness which occurs within weeks after first exposure to HIV, clinical symptoms occur in at least 50% of cases, typically as a mononucleosis syndrome. HIV-related complications are rarely encountered in patients with preserved immunity (i.e. CD4 T-cell counts greater than 500 cells/mm3). Recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex (HSV), herpes zoster (VZV), oral candidiasis and oral hairy leukoplakia occur with increasing frequency as the CD4 count drops below this level. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) occurs in association with HIV and often presents early in the clinical course. The risk of developing opportunistic infections and malignancies typical of AIDS increases progressively as CD4 counts fall below 200 cells/mm3. The clinical manifestations of infections associated with AIDS tend to fall into well-recognized patterns of presentation, including pneumonia, dysphagia/odynophagia, diarrhoea, neurological symptoms, fever, wasting, anaemia and visual loss. The commonest pathogens include Candida albicans, Pneumocystis carinii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare and cytomegalovirus. Malignant disease in patients with HIV infection also occurs in a characteristic pattern. Only two tumours are prevalent: Kaposi's sarcoma, a multifocal tumour of vascular endothelium which typically involves skin and mucosal surfaces; and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, which is typically high grade in phenotype, often arising within the central nervous system. The principles of therapy include reduction of HIV replication by antiretroviral agents, prophylaxis against the common opportunistic infections and treatment followed by subsequent lifelong maintenance therapy for infections when they do occur.
It is 100 to 140 nm. in diameter and has a cylindrical core. It is found in blood and semen and to a lesser extent In milk tears and saliva. It is a retrovirus, i.e. its genetic material is - RNA (single stranded linear) which can make a DNA copy of itself with the help of the reverse transcriptase enzyme. The virus bind specifically to a surface receptor on a helper T-cell and introduce its RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme into the cells here it multiplies and the release of new virus destroys the cell. AIDS occurs when the helper T-cell falls too low to fight the disease. Screening Test of AIDS AIDS Patient generally have circulating antibodies which can be detected. In many countries this test is done as a routine on blood, donor, screening may prove harmful to victims. Persons found to be HIV positive become depressed and suicidal and are denied insurance, evicted from their houses, fired from their jobs only a small minority of such persons are likely to develop full blown AIDS. However the infected persons may spread infection to others. Today ‘ELISA’ test is done identify this pandemic disease (AIDS). Manifestation of AIDS Manifestation :- It can manifest in two major ways - i) Maligent tumours in connective tissue ii) Viral, bacterial, protozoan and fungalin-fection of any system of the body. There are destruction of WBC’S, damage to brain,. unexplained fever, unexplained loss of appetite, unexplained loss weight over a short time, chronic diarrhea, cough, night sweats, enlargement of lymph glands, shortness of breath, weakness. AIDS Treatment :- Medical treatment of AIDS consist of : i) Antiviral therapy against the causative agent
ii) Immuno simulative therapy to increase the number of resistance - providing cells in the body or both. However no specific treatment has been found so far and the mortality form AIDS is virtually 100%. A victim of full blown AIDS dies with in 3 year from infection of many drugs tried, azithmidine transmitted by blood sucking insects such as mosquitoes, AIDS virus has been found in urine, tears saliva, breast milk and vaginal secretions, but is seems not to transmitted by these fluids unless it gets a cut. PREVENTIONS FROM AIDS Following steps may help in controlling this dreaded disease. i) People particularly those in high risk group should be educated about AIDS transmission. ii) High risk group should refrain from blood donation. iii) Disposable needles and syringes should be used. iv) Sexual habits should changed immediately. v) Before receiving blood, ensure that it has been screened for HIV. vi) Routine screening may be done in a) Blood Donors, b) Organ Donors c) Donors of semen and growth hormone, d) Patient receiving haemodialysis e) Females in high risk group, Who are pregnant or contemplating pregnancy.
AIDS is non curable due to its nature of pathogen. It also damage immune system of the body. Therefore any medicine (Antiviral) drugs are not effective against HIV virus. Ignorance and lack of knowledge about this disease is the root cause of wide spread of this disease. References "What Are HIV and AIDS? | HIV.gov". www.hiv.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 2017-05-15. Retrieved 10 September 2017. "HIV Classification: CDC and WHO Staging Systems | AIDS Education and Training Centers National Coordinating Resource Center (AETC NCRC)". aidsetc.org. AIDS Education and Training Center Program. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017. "Wear your red ribbon this World AIDS Day | UNAIDS". www.unaids.org. UNAIDS Secretariat. Retrieved 10 September 2017. "HIV/AIDS Fact sheet N°360". WHO. November 2015. Archived from the original on February 17, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016. "About HIV/AIDS". CDC. December 6, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2016. UNAIDS (May 18, 2012). "The quest for an HIV vaccine". Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. UNAIDS, WHO (December 2007). "2007 AIDS epidemic update" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2008. "Global summary of the AIDS epidemic 2016" (PDF). UNAIDS. UNAIDS. June 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017. Sepkowitz KA (June 2001). "AIDS – the first 20 years". The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (23): 1764–72. doi:10.1056/NEJM200106073442306. PMID 11396444. Krämer A, Kretzschmar M, Krickeberg K (2010). Modern infectious disease epidemiology concepts, methods, mathematical models, and public health (Online-Ausg. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-387-93835-6. Kirch W (2008). Encyclopedia of Public Health. New York: Springer. pp. 676–77. ISBN 978-
