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Air Methods Critical Care Exam – Air
Methods Critical Care Transport Assessment
– 2026/2027 Edition – Verified Questions
and Answers | 100% correct
Q: What is the most reliable method of confirming and montioring correct placement of an ET
tube? Answer Continuous waveform capnography
Q: The upper airway consists of...
Answer Nose, Mouth, Jaw, Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Larynx
Q: No gas exchange occurs here __________, it's called ____________.
Answer Nose to terminal bronchioles, anatomical dead space. (2ml/kg of inspired tidal volume) They conduct airflow towards gas exchange units.
Q: Crycothyroid membrane
Answer between thyroid and cricoid, avascular structure that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilage. Site of CRiCOTHYROTOMY- an emergency opening of the airway.
Q: A PaCO2 greater than 45 mmHg indicates:
A. Metabolic acidosis. B. Metabolic alkalosis. C. Respiratory acidosis. D. Respiratory alkalosis. Answer C. Respiratory acidosis
Q: PaCO2 normal range
Answer 35 - 45 mm Hg Less than 35 likely means hyperventilation
Q: Tracheal deviation AWAY from the affected side, decreased breath sounds, and
hyperresonance... What's happening? Answer Tension pneumothorax
Q: TNP of the Pregnant patient
Answer Resuscitation priorities are the same. The best way to take care of the baby is to take care of mama
Q: Mechanisms of injury and biomechanics the most common cause of maternal injury is...
Answer Blunt trauma caused by MVC. Second is BT caused by falls, 3rd is violence
Q: fetal distress is an early sign of maternal distress... Why?
Answer Catecholamine mediated vasoconstriction resulting from blood loss shunts blood away from the fetus to the mom.
Q: Fetal hypo perfusion is evidenced by....
Answer Fetal tachycardia (140 to 160+) and fetal bradycardia
Q: The FRC in a pregnant patient is....
Answer Reduced by the gravid uterus lifting the diaphragm.
Q: chest tube placement in a pregnant patient is 1-2 spaces higher
Answer Because of the lifted diaphragm
Q: What is the cause of physiological anemia in pregnant patients?
Answer Hemodilitional anemia occurs. Plasma volume increases 30-50%. Preterm Labor (PTL)
Q: abruptio placentae
Answer premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
Any fundal height indicating 23 or more weeks... at the last rib and above is consistent with a viable fetus. What type of blood should a pregnant trauma patient receive? O-NEG baybay. Initiate cardiotocography in any mother 20 or more weeks gestation, must be monitored for at least 6 hours. What is the serum lab test that detects fetal red cells in the maternal circulation? Kleinhauer Bette KB serum test. This lab is used to determine if hemorrhage of fetal blood through the placenta and into maternal circulation. KB test is an important detector of abruptio placentae, preterm labor and need to administer Rh negative globulin when mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive. Continue fetal monitoring for a minimum of ---- hours for any viable pregnancy and up to _____ hours if there is abdominal trauma 6..... 24 Sonography has __________ for diagnosis placental abruption, POOR.... they miss 50-80% of abruptions.
In addition to routine labs a Prothrombin (PT ) and PTT and serial coags should be drawn. Beta Human Chorionic gonadotropin (BHCG) Measure and record fundal height every 30 minutes. Pediatric Mechanisms of injury and biomechanics Blunt trauma MVC > suffocations > drownings > fires/burns. No. 1 cause of fatalities is TBI. Primary Survey/ Resuscitation Survival rates in pediatric emergency can be directly correlated with 1.RAPID AIRWAY MANAGEMENT, 2.INITIATION OF VENTILATORY SUPPORT, AND 3.EARLY RECOGNITION OF AND EARLY RESPONSE TO INTRA abdominal AND intracranial hemorrhages A STEMI is a __________ resulting from a _________. Complete Occlusion of a coronary artery caused by a ruptured Plaque leading to blood clot formation in the coronary.
second degree heart block type 1 Wenkebach AV block in which occasional electrical impulses from the SA node fail to be conducted to the ventricles. PR interval progressively lengthens greater than 120-200ms + dropped beats. Maternal cardiopulmonary arrest...If any moribund patient is 24 weeks or more perimortem c section must be considered. AHA recommends c section initiation within... 4 minutes... delivery with in 5 minutes of any unsuccessful maternal resuscitative attempts. Second Degree Heart Block (Mobitz II) = Damage AT av node - moderate
- PR-interval is normal; QRS complexes are dropped erratically
- ALL must have a pacemaker in the next 72 hrs. STEMI Nitro gtt 5 - 10 mcg per minute Titrate by 10 mcg max dose 300 mcg per minute How do you mix epi? Mix 1 mg in 1 L NS or D5W or LR for a concentration of 1 mcg/ ml
What's the epi dose for hypotension s/p arrest? 0.1 - 0.5 mcg/kg/min What is the epi dose for anaphylaxis? Pediatric Epinephrine dose PALS 2020 update AHA 2020 BASIC BP Diastolic BP of at least 25mmhg in infants and at least 35 mmhm in children correlates with better outcomes. PALS Brady with a pulse Assess airway, breathing, mental status Most common cause is hypoxia! could also be hypothermia and or medications. s/s of shock? AMS? hypotensive? Start CPR if any of these Always start CPR if HR < 60 bpm iv access Give Epi 0.01 mg/kg (0.1ml of 0.1mg/ml solution) Repeat Q 3-5 minutes
Aspirated foreign body enlarged tonsils or adenoids Decreased level of consciousness GCS of 8? Infants and small children are especially vulnerable to Upper airway obstruction. Infants are obligate nose breathers. PALS Management of upper airway obstruction position of comfort, or jaw thrust chin lift 100% FIO2 via non rebreather
- Carefully weigh decision to suction. Don't do it if it's croup of anaphylaxis.
- give nebulizer epinephrine particularly if swelling is beyond the tongue.
- Give inhaled or IV cortical steroids
- OPA for AMS and NPA for ams with a gag.
- consider cpap.
- Only experienced intubation should be considered ensure pt can be ventilated prior to paralytic
- prepare for difficult airway (needle cricothyroidotomy) In infants and children, retraction of the skin, muscles, and other tissues around the clavicle and between the ribs indicates: A. shallow breathing.
B.
labored breathing. C. see-saw breathing. D. normal breathing. PALS Management of upper airway obstruction caused by croup. PALS Management of Anaphylaxis In addition to ABC....
- Administer IM epic by auto injector or regular syringe every 10 to 15 minutes as needed. Repeat doses may be needed.
- Treat bronchospasm with albuterol MDI or Nebulizer
- Give continuous nebulizer treatment if needed.
- **For severe respiratory distress anticipate further airway swelling and prepare for endotracheal intubation PALS Management of anaphylaxis continues To treat hypotension:
- Place child in trendelenburg position as tollerated
- administer isotonic crystalloid (NS/LR) at 20ml/kg repeat as needed.
- For hypotension unresponsive to fluids and IM epinephrine, start a gtt at 0.05-2 mcg/kg/min titrate to effect
- Continuous Albuterol may be needed
- Administer Ipatroprium in combo with the albuterol
- Corticosterorids IV
- Magnesium Sulfate 25-50mg/Kg via slow IV bolus over 15 to 30 minutes. MAX 2g
- Labs as indicated PALS Management of Severe Asthma In Addition to all of the interventions for moderate to sever asthma...
- Consider Terbutaline 10mcg/Kg load over 5 minutes SQ or as a gtt 0.1 mcg/kg/min or IM epi as an alt.
- Bipap
- If refractory hypoxemia intubate. Epi Dose, Flight nurse trick 0.1ML/kg no matter what concentration according to Bill. PALS Defibrillation dose 2 J/kg PALS Cardioversion dose 0.5-1 J/KG
PALS Calcium Dose & Indication Only for known/suspected hypocalcemia 20 mg/kg Calcium Chloride SLOW IV push PALS Increased ICP Cushings Triad Caused by increased ICP and impending herniation.
- Irregular Breathing
- Hypertension
- Tachycardia In adults it's bradycardia Hyperventilate the patient to prevent further increases in ICP
- hypertonic saline, Osmotic agents (dose?)
- Treat pain and agitation aggressively once airway is established.
- Avoid hyperthermia PALS management of respiratory distress due to poisoning
- Support airway
- give antidote
- call poison control Ventilation Management
chemistry panels (renal, hepatic, comprehensive, metabolic) Na+ 135- 145 Cl- 95 - 105 K+ 3.5-4. Cr 0.6-1. Glucose 70- 100 Magnesium 1.7-2. Magnesium 1.7-2. K+ (potassium) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Na+ 135 - 145 mEq/L Glucose 70 - 110 mg/dL Cr (Creatinine)
0.6-1.3 mg/dL Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) the force opposing the movement of blood within the blood vessels [(MAP-CVP) / CO] x Normal: 750-1600 dynes/sec SVR Formula & Normal (MAP - CVP / ) x 80 Normal 750-1600 dynes/sec hemodynamic changes in Hypovolemic hemorrhagic shock HR Increased SBP Decreased SVR Increased CVP Decreased Hemodynamics of septic shock
- CO/CI; INCREASED
- RAP/PAP/PAOP; decreased
- SVR; decreased
- SVO2; INCREASED
