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Alliteration The repetition of consonant sounds, especially at the beginning of words. Example: "Fetched fresh, as I suppose, off some sweet wood." Hopkins, "In the Valley of the Elwy.โ
Assonance The repetition of similar vowel sounds in a sentence or a line of poetry or prose, as in "I rose and told him of my woe." Whitman's "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer" contains assonantal "I's" in the following lines: "How soon unaccountable I became tired and sick, Till rising and gliding out I wander'd off by myself."
Connotation The associations called up by a word that goes beyond its dictionary meaning. Poets, especially, tend to use words rich in connotation. Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night" includes intensely connotative language, as in these lines: "Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright / Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay, / Rage, rage against the dying of the light.โ
Denotation The dictionary meaning of a word. Writers typically play off a word's denotative meaning against its connotations, or suggested and implied associational implications. In the following lines from Peter Meinke's "Advice to My Son" the references to flowers and fruit, bread and wine denote specific things, but also suggest something beyond the literal, dictionary meanings of the words: To be specific, between the peony and rose Plant squash and spinach, turnips and tomatoes; Beauty is nectar and nectar, in a desert, saves-- ... and always serve bread with your wine. But, son, always serve wine.
Epic A long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero. Epics typically chronicle the origins of a civilization and embody its central values. Examples from western literature include Homer's Iliad and Odyssey , Virgil's Aeneid , and Milton's Paradise Lost.
Imagery -refers to the pattern of related details in a work. The pattern of related comparative aspects of language, particularly of images, in a literary work.
Lyric poem A type of poem characterized by brevity, compression, and the expression of feeling. Most of the poems in this book are lyrics. The anonymous "Western Wind" epitomizes the genre: Western wind, when will thou blow, The small rain down can rain? Christ, if my love were in my arms And I in my bed again!
Metaphor A comparison between essentially unlike things without an explicitly comparative word such as like or as. An example is "My love is a red, red rose,"
Meter The measured pattern of rhythmic accents in poems.
Ode A long, stately poem in stanzas of varied length, meter, and form. Usually a serious poem on an exalted subject, such as Horace's "Eheu fugaces," but sometimes a more lighthearted work, such as Neruda's "Ode to My Socks."
A stanza of a poem equals to a paragraph of an essay, without the indentation.
The Road Not Taken Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that, the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference
Cinquain
A cinquain is a five line poem. (see Microsoft document)
Line 1 One Word (subject or noun) Line 2 Two Words (adjectives) that describe line 1 Line 3 Three Words (action verbs) that relate to line 1 Line 4 Four Words (feelings or a complete sentence) that relates to line 1
Line 5 One Word (synonym of line 1 or a word that sums it all up)
Here's a Haiku to help you remember:
I am first with five
Then seven in the middle --
Five again to end
Haiku
A syllable is a part of a word pronounced as a unit. It is usually made up of a vowel alone or a vowel with one or more consonants. The word "Haiku" has two syllables: Hai-ku; the word "introduction" has four syllables: in-tro-duc-tion. "Haiku" is a traditional form of Japanese poetry. Haiku poems consist of 3 lines. The first and last lines of a Haiku have 5 syllables and the middle line has 7 syllables. The lines rarely rhyme.
Green and speckled legs,
Hop on logs and lily pads
Splash in cool water.
In a pouch I grow,
On a southern continent --
Strange creatures I know
Spring is in the Air
by Kaitlyn Guenther
Spring is in the air
Flowers are blooming sky high
Children are laughing
O. K., so much for the fancy language. Basically, in a sonnet, you show two related but differing things to the reader in order to communicate something about them. Each of the three major types of sonnets accomplishes this in a somewhat different way. There are, of course, other types of sonnets.
English- when what hugs stopping earth than silent is more silent than more than much more is or total sun oceaning than any this tear jumping from each most least eye of star
and without was if minus and shall be immeasurable happenless unnow shuts more than open could that every tree or than all his life more death begins to grow
end's ending then these dolls of joy and grief these recent memories of future dream these perhaps who have lost their shadows if which did not do the losing spectres mine
until out of merely not nothing comes only one snowflake(and we speak our names
Italian โ And on the porch, across the upturned chair, The boy would spread a dingy counterpane Against the length and majesty of the rain, And on all fours crawl under it like a bear To lick his wounds in secret, in his lair; And afterwards, in the windy yard again, One hand cocked back, release his paper plane Frail as a mayfly to the faithless air. And summer evenings he would whirl around Faster and faster till the drunken ground Rose up to meet him; sometimes he would squat Among the bent weeds of the vacant lot, Waiting for dusk and someone dear to come And whip him down the street, but gently home.
BUTTERFLY I am a Butterfly. I am one of the most beautiful insects of the world. I eat nectar, but I don't harm the flowers. I have many enemies. I wander through the forests playing with all my butterfly friends. Their names are; Hippy, Dippy, Hopi, and Floppy. I can't forget my best friends. Poppy and Moppy. But do you know who really are my best friends? Could you try to guess? I think you might have a good idea. YOU! I like how you like to be you and not somebody who you aren't.
descent by Lily Zhang
the water is colder than anticipated the inhabitants of the deep vents ghastlier with teeth gleaming and gilded by the screams of victims past
scales made for tearing flesh caress the hollows of my cheeks and voices gorged on the seven sins invite me to dance into the underworld
I only want sun and seashells and sand soft between my toes but you are a specter spread across the shore and I eyes closed, keep sinking
four atmospheres down my lungs crack open
oil floats on water but I swear it is an oil slick of regret and remorse that gushes in clogging up the thoracic cavity even as my head hurtles up, up and
breaks the surface to waves of sweat-soaked sheets on land, heart clenched, still drowning so from briny lips I cough for you a kelp-tangled apology
Triplet Poem A triplet poem is a 3-lined poem. Just like 3 babies born together are also called triplets! A triplet poem should rhyme or it would be freestyle. Examples of Triplet poems:
- My Dog:
I have a dog That sits on a log And hangs out in the fog
- My Cat:
I have a cat That never wears a hat And sleeps on a mat
A limerick is a five-line poem written with one couplet and one triplet. If a couplet is a two- line rhymed poem, then a triplet would be a three-line rhymed poem. The rhyme pattern is a a b b a with lines 1, 2 and 5 containing 3 beats and rhyming, and lines 3 and 4 having two beats and rhyming. Some people say that the limerick was invented by soldiers returning from France to the Irish town of Limerick in the 1700's.
Limericks are meant to be funny. They often contain hyperbole, onomatopoeia, idioms, puns, and other figurative devices. The last line of a good limerick contains the PUNCH LINE or "heart of the joke." As you work with limericks, remember to have pun, I mean FUN! Say the following limericks out loud and clap to the rhythm.
A flea and a fly in a flue Were caught, so what could they do? Said the fly, "Let us flee." "Let us fly," said the flea. So they flew through a flaw in the flue.
-Anonymous
