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AMT MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS TECHNOLOGIST, Exams of Advanced Education

Harvard UniversityAdvanced Education

AMT MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS TECHNOLOGIST

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 05/25/2026

lectshammah
lectshammah 🇺🇸

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AMT MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
TECHNOLOGIST (MDT)
CERTIFICATION EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (GRADE A+) PLUS
RATIONALES 2026 Q&A | INSTANT
DOWNLOAD PDF
discuss the impact of molecular diagnostics in human disease - answer-More accurate
disease monitoring - allows for early treatment and improved patient care
Determination of most appropriate treatment
Reduction of patient morbidity and mortality
Able to diagnose and prognosis that patient
*** Example someone might have a HER2 gene amplification but we have a great
medication to use despite the fact that this type of breast cancer is aggressive
define molecular diagnostics - answer-- Molecular diagnostics encompasses the use of
molecular biology techniques to expand scientific knowledge of the natural history of
disease
- Can help identify people at risk for acquiring specific diseases and facilitates the
diagnosis of infectious and other human diseases at the nucleic level
- Molecular testing went from being its own thing to being a part of many lab practices
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Download AMT MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS TECHNOLOGIST and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!

AMT MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS

TECHNOLOGIST (MDT)

CERTIFICATION EXAM

QUESTIONS AND CORRECT

ANSWERS (GRADE A+) PLUS

RATIONALES 2026 Q&A | INSTANT

DOWNLOAD PDF

discuss the impact of molecular diagnostics in human disease - answer-More accurate disease monitoring - allows for early treatment and improved patient care Determination of most appropriate treatment Reduction of patient morbidity and mortality Able to diagnose and prognosis that patient *** Example someone might have a HER2 gene amplification but we have a great medication to use despite the fact that this type of breast cancer is aggressive define molecular diagnostics - answer-- Molecular diagnostics encompasses the use of molecular biology techniques to expand scientific knowledge of the natural history of disease

  • Can help identify people at risk for acquiring specific diseases and facilitates the diagnosis of infectious and other human diseases at the nucleic level
  • Molecular testing went from being its own thing to being a part of many lab practices

importance of nucleic acids in the lab - answer--Assay exhibit extreme sensitivity and specificity (which can be controlled)

  • Genotype before phenotype
  • Targets can be amplified >10^6 --- assays like a photocopier so we can find the targets we are interested in describe utility of molecular pathology in laboratory medicine - answer-- Assays are developed based on the presence of specific molecular markers
  • Diagnostic test -- distinguish variations in human disease
  • Prognostic tests -- accurately describe the course of disease
  • Therapeutic tests -- predict the response to specific therapies and determine if therapy is effective list applications for genomic technologies - answer-Molecular diagnostics is a universal discipline of laboratory medicine Genetics - heritable diseases Oncology - solid tumors Hematopathology - leukemia and lymphoma Identity Testing - transplantation and forensics
  • Heterochromatin - dark staining, densely packed regions usually not undergoing active transcription
  • Euchromatin - is the light staining, less densely packed regions that usually undergo active transcription
  • nucleic acid chain grows by attaching the 5' phosphate group to the 3' hydroxyl group
  • 2 regions formed in the helix by the backbones are called the major groove and minor groove Nuclein - substance extracted from cell nuclei human chromosome - answer-- Single linear duplex DNA
  • Numerous protein interactions
  • DNA from a single cell measures approximately in 2 meters in length structure of DNA - answer-- Consists of a pair of antiparallel strands 5' to 3' and 3' to 5'
  • Alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups linked covalently by phosphodiester bonds
  • Strands held together by hydrogen bonds
  • Linked sequences of nucleotides
  • Sequence of bases determines genetic information
  • bases are nitrogenous bases
  • DNA in hydrated form (B form) is standard form (right handed helix)
  • dehydrate DNA takes the A form (right handed helix)
  • stress and torsion can throw a double helix into Z form (left handed helix) chemical composition of DNA - answer-- macromolecule of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and hydrogen atoms
  • DNA is the chemical basis of heredity
  • Biological blueprint ▪Carries information for cells to live, grow, differentiate and replicate ▪Provides consistency and variability
  • Mutation is mostly seen as a negative thing -- can be evolutionary changes packaging of DNA - answer--Histones and DNA from the nucleosomes -- beads on a string ▪First level DNA is reduced by 1/3 of its length
  • These condense into 30 nm chromatin fibers termed solenoids ▪Second level DNA is reduced by 1/2 of its length (2 fold)
  • These fold and coil into loops of chromatin
  • The most condensed structure is the mitotic chromosome ▪Packaging ration of 500: histone proteins - answer-▪Positively charged (mostly lysine and arginine) ▪A histone octamer contains - 2 H2A, 2 H2B, H3 and H ▪About 150 base pairs of DNA are wrapped around one histone octomer

Nucleotide structure - answer- complementarity - answer-- Complementarity - refers to this base pair matching polarity - answer-- Polarity describes the orientation of the DNA strand with reference to the 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl groups

  • refers to the direction that the molecule is synthesized
  • nucleotides are added to the hydroxyl group so synthesis is said to be in a 5' to 3' direction Single strandedness - answer-- denaturation of DNA describes separation of the duplex strands through treatment with
  • alkaline pH solutions
  • hydrogen bond solvents (ex urea)
  • elevated temperature
  • DNA melting temperature (Tm) is the temperature when 50% of the dsDNA in a sample has denatured or melted into ssDNA
  • final determination of Tm depends on factors including
  • GC content -- if there is a longer stretch of GC bonds there are more H bonds so we might need a higher Tm
  • length of fragment
  • number of base pair mismatches mitochondrial DNA - answer-- mtDNA is a circular ds DNA molecule
  • hundreds to thousands of copies/cell
  • mitochondria and their DNA are self replicating not dependent on the cell cycle
  • 37 genes
  • many naturally occurring polymorphisms -- highly variable
  • maternal inheritance - found in the egg - allows you to follow the maternal family line genes encoded in mitochondrial DNA - answer-- 2 rRNAs (16S, 22S)
  • 22 tRNAs
  • 13 polypeptides = subunits of enzyme complexes of the oxidative phosphorylation system RNA - answer--single stranded
  • ribose sugar substituted for deoxyribose sugar
  • uracil replaces Thymine
  • Uracil binds to Adenine central dogma of molecular biology - answer--DNA to RNA by transcription
  • RNA to protein by translation Basic gene structure - answer-- look at powerpoint picture intercalating agents - answer-molecules that slide transversely into the center of the helix
    • answer-