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Chapter 8
Appendicular Skeleton ① Pectoral girdle clavicle and scapula ② Upper limbs humerus, radius, ulna bones of wrist and hand ③ Pelvic girdle hip bones ④ Lower limbs femur, tibia, fibula bones of the ankles and feet Pectoral Girdle - Clavicle · S-shaped bone · originates at the manubrium · extends from the sternum to the scapula, above the 1st rib · Sternoclavicular joint Pectoral Girdle - Scapula · (^) Triangular shaped flat bones in upper back · (^) articulates with the humerus at the glenoid cavity (glenohumeral joint) · (^) articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint
· 2 large processes for muscle attachment: the coracoid process & the acromion
· (^) spine on the posterior surface of the scapula ends at the acromion process
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Upper Limbs - Humerus · head of the humerus articulates with the scapula (glenoid cavity) · condoyle at distal end of humerus articulates with the bones of the forearm · structures to note: humeral head, greater tuberosity, medial and lateral epicondyles, trochlea and capitulum, olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa, radial fossa
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Upper Limbs -Bones of the Wrist& Hand
· carpal bones: 8 bones of the wrist
· metacarpal bones: 5 bones make up the palm of the hand
· phalanges: 14 bones that make up the fingers
· 54 bones total
· Do not need to know the names of the carpal bones Pelvic Girdle
· 2 hip bones (coxal bones)
· illium, ischium, and pubis · the acetabulum (on lateral surface) articulates with the head of the femur · the left and right pubic bones articulate at pubic symphysis · structures to note: iliac spine, ischial spine, iliac crest, arcuate line, superior pubic ramus, pubic tubercle, obturator foramen, greater sciatic notch
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The Pelvis · consists of two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx · involves both the axial and the appendicular skeleton · hip bones join at the pubic symphysis anteriorly and to the sacrum posteriorly (sacroiliac joint) · pelvic cavity: the space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis · pelvic brim: separates the true and false pelvis · true pelvis: the lower part of the pelvis, inferior to the pelvic brim · false pelvis: the upper part of the pelvis, superior to the pelvic brim Lower Limbs - Femur · longest bone in the body
· 3 major parts: head, shaft, condyles
· head of femur articulates with the acetabulum · important bone markings: greater and lesser trochanter, medial and lateral condyles, intercondylar fossa, patellar surface Lower Limbs - Patella · large sesamoid bone · doesn't directly connect to the femur · direction of movement is superior-inferior
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Lower Limbs - Bones of Ankle & Foot
· Tarsal Bones: 7 bones of the ankle
includes the talus and calcaneus (heel bone)
· Metatarsal bones: 5 bones that articulate with distal tarsal bones and make up arches of the foot
· Phalanges: 14 bones that make up the toes
· 26 bones total
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