Angiosperms vs gymnosperms | Lecture notes Conservation biology

*Angiosperms vs Gymnosperms - "Phal wale vs Nange Beej wale Pode"*

Both are *seed plants* = Spermatophytes. Means they make seeds instead of

spores like ferns. But seed ka style alag hai.

*1. Basic Deﬁnition*

**Type****Meaning****Urdu****Example**

**Angiosperms**“Angio” = covered, “Sperm” = seed**ےدﻮﭘ ﮯﻟاو ﺞﯿﺑ ﮯﮑﮬڈ**

Mango, Wheat, Rose, Grass

**Gymnosperms**“Gymno” = naked, “Sperm” = seed**ےدﻮﭘ ﮯﻟاو ﺞﯿﺑ ﮯﮕﻨﻧ**

Pine, Deodar, Cycas, Ginkgo

*2. 8 Main Differences - Exam ke liye best*

**Feature****Gymnosperms****Angiosperms**

**1. Seeds****Naked** - Seeds sit openly on cone scales. No fruit/ovary

**Covered** - Seeds inside fruit/ovary. Fruit = mature ovary

**2. Flowers**No true ﬂowers. Only cones - male + female cones separate

True ﬂowers with petals, sepals, stamen, carpel. Colorful to attract insects

**3. Fruit**No fruit formed. Seed + cone scale onlyFruit always forms.

Mango, apple, pea pod = all fruits

**4. Leaves**Needle-like, thick, waxy. Evergreen. Less water lossBroad, thin,

ﬂat. Many shed in autumn = deciduous

**5. Pollination**Mostly by **wind** = anemophily. Pollen is light, in huge

amountBy **insects, birds, wind, water**. Flowers have nectar + smell for

insects

**6. Fertilization**Takes more time. No double fertilization**Double

fertilization** happens → 1 seed + 1 endosperm for food

**7. Vessels**Xylem has only tracheids. No vessels. Water moves slowly

Xylem has tracheids + vessels. Fast water transport

**8. Evolution + Age**Older, 300 million years. “Living fossils”Newer, 140 million

years. 80% of all plants today

**9. Habitat**Cold, dry areas. Mountains, Taiga forestsEverywhere - deserts,

oceans, mountains, plains

**10. Examples PK**Deodar, Kail, Fir, Chir pine in KPK/GBWheat, rice,

cotton, mango, rose all over Pakistan

*3. Reproduction - How they make babies*

*Gymnosperms - Simple 3 steps*:

1. Male cone → makes pollen. Wind blows pollen to female cone

2. Pollen grain grows tube, sperm goes to egg inside ovule

3. Egg becomes seed on cone scale. Cone opens, seed falls → new plant

*Angiosperms - 4 steps + Double fertilization*:

1. Flower → pollen goes to stigma of same/other ﬂower

2. Pollen tube grows down to ovule inside ovary

3. *Double fertilization*: 1 sperm + egg = zygote → embryo/seed. 2nd sperm + 2

Angiosperms vs gymnosperms, Lecture notes of Conservation biology