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animal behavior study guide, Study notes of Animal Biology

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)Animal Biology

animal_behavior_study_guide The first half of the study guide is basically all the AB stuff. Bio (2021-22)

Typology: Study notes

2022/2023

Available from 03/05/2023

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Unit 2: Animal Behavior & Nature of Science
Animal Behavior
โž”Proximate Cause of Behaviors:
โ—†Something that is physically happening; the mechanism; the how
โ—†Example: The genes that code our smiling
โ—†Proximate Question: What anatomical structures allow for the dog to
snarl?
โž”Ultimate Cause of Behaviors:
โ—†Something that happened in the past that causes the species to
behave in a certain way; an evolutionary cause; the why
โ—†Ultimate Question: Does the male bird singing give it some sort of
reproductive advantage?
โž”Innate Behaviors:
โ—†Behaviors caused by genetics and/or development (โ€œinstinctโ€)
โ—†Examples: imprinting, figuring out mom, figuring out our own species
โž”Learned Behaviors:
โ—†Behaviors acquired as a consequence of experience
โ—†Example: determining to prefer certain prey
โž”Cross-Fostering:
โ—†A study done to determine whether a behavior is learned or innate by
swapping newborns with different mothers/fathers (that do different
behaviors)
โž”Kinesis Movement:
โ—†Simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus. It
is nondirectional.
โ—Not moving AWAY OR TOWARDS
โž”Taxis Movement:
โ—†More or less automatic, oriented movement towards or away from a
stimulus.
โž”Using Optimality to determine adaptive value:
โ—†Optimal Traits:
โ—Traits with maximum benefit with minimum (or outweighed)
cost
โ—‹Called an Evolutionary Trade-Off
โ—Optimize Free Energy:
โ—‹The behaviors that optimize the most free energy will be
favored by natural selection
โ—‹Save the energy of mating by successfully mating more:
โ—†Mate Choice, Signaling, Cooperative Behaviors
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Animal Behavior

โž” Proximate Cause of Behaviors: โ—† Something that is physically happening; the mechanism; the how โ—† Example: The genes that code our smiling โ—† Proximate Question: What anatomical structures allow for the dog to snarl? โž” Ultimate Cause of Behaviors: โ—† Something that happened in the past that causes the species to behave in a certain way; an evolutionary cause; the why โ—† Ultimate Question: Does the male bird singing give it some sort of reproductive advantage? โž” Innate Behaviors: โ—† Behaviors caused by genetics and/or development (โ€œinstinctโ€) โ—† Examples: imprinting, figuring out mom, figuring out our own species โž” Learned Behaviors: โ—† Behaviors acquired as a consequence of experience โ—† Example: determining to prefer certain prey โž” Cross-Fostering: โ—† A study done to determine whether a behavior is learned or innate by swapping newborns with different mothers/fathers (that do different behaviors) โž” Kinesis Movement: โ—† Simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus. It is nondirectional. โ— Not moving AWAY OR TOWARDS โž” Taxis Movement: โ—† More or less automatic, oriented movement towards or away from a stimulus. โž” Using Optimality to determine adaptive value: โ—† Optimal Traits: โ— Traits with maximum benefit with minimum (or outweighed) cost โ—‹ Called an Evolutionary Trade-Off โ— Optimize Free Energy: โ—‹ The behaviors that optimize the most free energy will be favored by natural selection โ—‹ Save the energy of mating by successfully mating more: โ—† Mate Choice, Signaling, Cooperative Behaviors

โž” Signaling: โ—† Significantly optimize an animalโ€™s resources by minimizing costs โ—† Benefits: communicate warnings, mate availability, food availability, establish territory (more of a chance to hit bingo) โ—† Visual: โ— Example: Peacockโ€™s Tailโ€™s Symmetry = Organ Placement โ— Benefits: Quiet โ— Costs: Short Range, Can be Easily Blocked โ—† Audible: โ— Example: Male Elephant Seals Bellow = Assert Dominance โ— Benefits: Long Range โ— Costs: Shorter Duration, Disrupts Environment, Attention Grabbing โ—† Tactile: โ— Example: Primates Grooming Each Other = Bonding โ— Benefits: vulnerability > trust, impossible to ignore โ— Costs: DISTANCE โ—† Electrical: โ— Example: Electric Eels = Communication โ—† Chemical: โ— Example: Lions Pee = Assert Territory โž” Cooperative Behaviors can evolve if they increase the fitness of the individual NOT species. Tends to increase the survival of the population. โ—† Biological Fitness = Reproductive Success โ—† Individuals working together to survive = more chance to have kids โ—† More kids surviving = population survival โ—† Cooperative Behavior is in the benefit of the individual, while altruism is a selfless sacrifice for the otherโ€™s benefit. โ— Reciprocal Altruism: individual helps another because it expects to gain something (the same) in return โž” Give examples of how behaviors can be triggered by environmental cues โž” Propose โ€œgood genesโ€ and โ€œhealthy mateโ€ hypotheses for mate choice behaviors โ—† Good Genes Hypothesis: โ— Individuals predisposed towards mates with physical characteristic A, where physical characteristic A correlates with survival success, will have greater reproductive success because their kids will inherit survival conferring genes.

โž” Control Variables: the variables that are kept constant so the results can be interpreted correctly and there arenโ€™t variances disrupting the process โž” Control Groups could be left in natural surroundings or be the results that would verify the null hypothesis โž” Standard Error: How confident are we in our results โž” Chi-Square: Are the results due to chance? Is the null hypothesis true?