Download ANS 324 TEST 1-PETERS EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED 2026 UPDATE!! and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
ANS 324 TEST 1-PETERS EXAM WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED 2026 UPDATE!!
List the 20 amino acids - ANSWER alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine Amino acids - ANSWER repeating subunits of protein molecules What determines the function of a protein? - ANSWER structure Genotypes for Horse Color - ANSWER Bay- CCB_ Buckskin-CcB_ Cremello-cc_ _ Palomino- Ccbb CHestnut- CCbb sex-linked gene action - ANSWER a trait that is inherited on a sex chromosome(typically x), ex. color in cats recessive sex linked gene action - ANSWER a trait that must be present on both sex chromosomes to be expressed(both parents must have or be carrier) ex. colorblindness sex-influenced gene action - ANSWER Inheritance of a trait appears to be different in the 2 sexes even when they have same genotype ex. polled and horned in sheep sex-limited gene action - ANSWER expression of trait only occurs in one sex ex. milk production mitosis - ANSWER somatic cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells, produces diploid animal genetics - ANSWER study of the principles of inheritance in animals animal breeding - ANSWER The application of the principles of animal genetics with the goal of improvement of animals. purpose of animal breeding - ANSWER Improve genetically the economic efficiency of livestock production
genetic fitness - ANSWER combination of strength, size, color, intelligence, color, defense strategies, flexibility, and longevity meiosis - ANSWER cell division of gametes, reduction division, results in four genetically different daughter cells, produces haploid Hardy-Weinberg Principle - ANSWER in a large randomly mating population, gene and genotype frequencies will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of selection, genetic drift, migration, recombination, and mutation Test Cross - ANSWER the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype Hardy-Weinberg equation - ANSWER p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p+q= Pleiotropy - ANSWER A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype variable expressivity - ANSWER the existence of more than one grade of a trait Overdominance - ANSWER interactions between gene alleles resulting in a heterozygote superior to either homozygote for a particular trait ex. sickle cell anemia AS is tolerant to malaria, but does not have sickle cell anemia Incomplete penetrance - ANSWER not all individuals with a particular genotype exhibit the phenotype for that genotype ex. polydactyly Lethal gene action - ANSWER embryonic death or death shortly after birth Semi-Lethal gene action - ANSWER death before puberty Detrimental gene action - ANSWER reduction in some measure of fitness/productivity requirements of H-W equilibrium - ANSWER large population size random mating no mutations no natural selection no migration population - ANSWER a group of individuals within a species that is capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
What are two benefits of splicing? - ANSWER prevents exon shuffling, facilitates nuclear export, and makes it easier to attach to ribosome Capping - ANSWER RNA modification adding a 7-methylguanonsine cap on the 5' end of mRNA, occurs in nucleus, and prevents degradation and facilitates attachment to ribosome Polyadenylation - ANSWER RNA modification, adding a poly-a tail on 3' end of mRNA, occurs in nucleus, and signals end of transcription, and facilitates attachment to ribosome Intron splicing - ANSWER RNA modification, occurs everywhere intron is present, and facilitates nuclear export, and prevents exon shuffling All amino acids are coded by the same number of codons: True or False - ANSWER False Which amino acids are encoded by the most codons? - ANSWER Leucine, arginine, serine Which amino acids are coded by only one codon? - ANSWER methionine, tryptophan What is the relationship between gene and trait? - ANSWER Gene determines a specific trait Relationship between gene and chromosome - ANSWER many genes are found on chromosomes relationship between allele and gene - ANSWER allele is an alternative form of a gene phenotype - ANSWER observable characteristics alleles - ANSWER alternate forms of a gene independent assortment - ANSWER alleles of one gene separate into gametes randomly with respect to alleles of other genes gametes - ANSWER reproductive cells containing only one copy of each gene relationship between DNA sequence and amino acid sequence - ANSWER DNA sequence determines the amino acid sequence gene - ANSWER the heritable entity that determines a characteristic
segregation - ANSWER the separation of two alleles of a gene into different gametes Robert Bakewell - ANSWER father of animal breeding, developed early bull progeny test and record system, purebred concept the difference between self-domestication and intentional domestication - ANSWER in intentional, you must first control her movements and eliminate problems steps of self-domestication - ANSWER Selection for tameness, Strict captivity - limit breeding, Intentional breeding, Trait standardization, Eliminate wild species (genes) 1859 - ANSWER When did Darwin publish On the Origin of Species? 1904 - ANSWER bateson coins genetics and disvcovers linkage between genes transgenic - ANSWER taking genes from one species and inserting into another species gene augmentation therapy - ANSWER insert functioning gene into cell with non- functioning gene Gene inhibition therapy - ANSWER insert blocking gene into cell containing faulty gene embryo transfer - ANSWER 1) superovulation
- put in sperm to make embryos(in vivo) 3)collect embryos to put back in surrogates embryo splitting - ANSWER split one embryo into two, take genetic material from one embryo, and put in another embryo, type of cloning triploidy - ANSWER individuals have 3n, grow extremely large, 2001 - ANSWER sequence of entire human genome is announced What is the main tool in genetic improvement of economic merit in livestock? - ANSWER selection Nucleotide - ANSWER nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar, and phosphate Nucleotides are connected together to make a new strand that is ______________ to the old strand - ANSWER complementary
ribosomes - ANSWER site of protein synthesis, have small and large subunit why is order of amino acids important? - ANSWER this determines the 3rd shape of the molecule mRNA - ANSWER messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome rRNA - ANSWER ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome, assists mRNA in binding to ribosome tRNA - ANSWER transfer molecule that carries a specific anticodon to a ribosome purine bases - ANSWER Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidine bases - ANSWER Cytosine and Thymine DNA replication - ANSWER occurs in nucleus, helicase breaks bonds, each strand =template DNA polymerase builds new strand, semi-conservative difference between rna and dna - ANSWER Differ in terms of structure and function RNA: DNA
- Has Ribose Sugar - Has Deoxyribose Sugar
- Uracil found in RNA - Thymine found in DNA
- Single Strand - Has two Strands
- *One Backbone - Has two Side Rails
- *Ribose - Deoxyribose
- *Supports DNA function~Aides in gene expression, replication, and transportation Introns - ANSWER Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences. central dogma - ANSWER DNA -----> RNA ----> Protein transcription translation exons - ANSWER Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA. stop codons - ANSWER UGA, UAA, UAG start codon - ANSWER AUG (methionine) mutation - ANSWER changes in DNA sequence that may be passed along to future generations
Point mutation - ANSWER gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed deletion - ANSWER A change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed. insertion - ANSWER segment of DNA is added frame-shift mutation - ANSWER modification of the reading frame after a deletion or insertion, resulting in all codons downstream being different
