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Biocultural approach
recognizes the relationship between what humans have inherited genetically and what they learn culturally TERM 2
Holistic
DEFINITION 2 something that is concerned with a whole system (mind and body) expresses idea of biocultural approach, beliefs, rituals, political systems etc. TERM 3
Comparative (cross cultural)
DEFINITION 3 if and why there are similarities TERM 4
Ethnocentric
DEFINITION 4 a view that is centered on a specific ethnic group (usually ones own), belief in the superiority of ones own ethnic group, world view is the most natural others unnatural TERM 5
Cultural relativism
DEFINITION 5 view that considers human interactions and behavior within their own cultural context.
Fieldwork
going out in the field to study a culture, spending time in a museum, excavations, and analyzing materials in a lab TERM 7
- Linguistic
anthropology
DEFINITION 7
- language and communication; how cultures communicate (spoken, body language, origin of language, gender differences in speech) TERM 8
- Cultural (sociocultural)
DEFINITION 8 culture is learned behavior which is distinct among groups, passed down through generations and evolutionary; estimated 5,000 cultural groups TERM 9
- Archaeology
DEFINITION 9
- studying the past human behavior and cultures based on the material remains of what they left behind (pottery, arrow heads, clothing etc.) TERM 10
- Biological
anthropology
DEFINITION 10 race, modern variation, study of closest living relatives
o Natural world
Fixity of species- things were created by a higher being, and once they were created they never changed idea that the earth was very young TERM 17
o Political systems
DEFINITION 17 monarchy, feudal system, born into status and it never changed TERM 18
o 14th-18th centuries
DEFINITION 18 o 14th-18th centuries Renaissance and Enlightenment Technological advances- microscope, telescope; earth was not the center of the universe, gun powder in China, printing press 1439- publishing laws became looser Exploration diversity- increase in global exploration, compass was invented; travel involves contact with diverse plant, animal, and human life TERM 19
o Carolus Linnaeus
DEFINITION 19 Binomial nomenclature- naming the diverse amount of animal and plant life; base for modern taxonomy TERM 20
o Buffon
DEFINITION 20 Recognized the interactions of organisms with the environment; believed that environment can change traits of an individual; things are not static
o Lamarck
One of the first to attempt to explain how change happens Inheritance of acquired characteristics (Lamarckism); characteristics that are acquired in an individuals lifetime can be inherited by the offspring; body would experience a need and fluids and forces would respond to the need to try to alleviate that need (giraffe example) TERM 22
o Cuvier catastrophism
DEFINITION 22 o paleontologist, comparative anatomist; fossils of animals with no living counterpart; at the time the idea of extinction was not a widespread idea; recognized that these fossils were from extinct animals; periodic revolutions regarding the earth, periodic events that impacted the earth and all life forms would become extinct, other animals would come in and repopulate the area; recognized that there was variation in the fossil record TERM 23
o Lyell uniformitarianism
DEFINITION 23 o geological processes from the past are the same that are operating today, things that impact the earth (weather, earthquakes, wind, etc.); Earths landscape is constantly changing; earth is not static; calculated the earth to be very old when it was a common belief that the earth was young, process are slow so the development of the earth took longer than previously predicted TERM 24
o Malthus
DEFINITION 24 demographer (population studies); argued for population control, size is limited by resources; competition for resources TERM 25
o Alfred Wallace
DEFINITION 25 naturalist; well-studied; traveled widely through the Amazon and southeast Asia; independently came up with a similar idea to Darwins
Monosomomy
one less chromosome than is usual for a particular pair XO turner syndrome: one chromosome from the mother and none from the father; shorter, kidney problems, infertility; 1 out of 2000 TERM 32
Trisomies
DEFINITION 32 one extra chromosome in a pair T21 (down syndrome), T (Edwards syndrome), T13 (Patau)- occur in autosomes (T) XXY; considered male, XXX; females, XYY; male more difficulties than XXY- occur in sex chromosomes (XY) TERM 33
Law of segregation
DEFINITION 33 demonstrated that the characteristics were not the result of parental blending; genes for any trait occur in pairs, they separate during gamete production, but they are reunited during fertilization TERM 34
Locus
DEFINITION 34 the location of an allele on a chromosome TERM 35
Law of Independent Assortment
DEFINITION 35 alleles that code for independent traits sort independently of each other; linkage does allow some chromosomes to sort together (red hair and freckles)
- Punnett
Square
- determines how genotypes and phenotypes will combine (will have to do on the test) o 1st generation TT x tt o 2nd generation Tt x Tt TERM 37
- Mendelian Inheritance
DEFINITION 37 inheritance of traits that are coded for by genes at one locus on the chromosome- (Mendelian Traits) These traits tend to be discrete (either present or absent.) o Examples: Ear Lobes (free- dominant, attached- recessive), Hitchhikers Thumb (ability to bend, dominant, not to bend, recessive), PTC Paper Taster, Thumb Crossing (left over right- dominant, right over left- recessive), Widows Peak (have it-dominant, straight- recessive), Dimples, Cleft Chin TERM 38
Achondroplasia
DEFINITION 38
- Mendelian DisordersDominanta type of dwarfism; effects growth plates in arms and legs TERM 39
Brachydactyly
DEFINITION 39
- DominantMendelian Disordersshortened fingers on the hand TERM 40
o Polygenic Traits
DEFINITION 40 o traits that are controlled for by genes in many different locus. (Continuous in their expression rather than discreet)
o Mutation
o change in the DNA sequence; spontaneous, induced (unnaturally occurring); only way that entirely new genetic information can occur TERM 47
o Gene flow
DEFINITION 47 o movement of alleles between populations; migration of the alleles, population must interbreed for gene flow to occur; creates variation by mixing the gene pools TERM 48
o Genetic drift
DEFINITION 48 random change in allele frequency TERM 49
Bottleneck effect
DEFINITION 49 a large genetically diverse population is suddenly and drastically reduced to a smaller population (could be caused by a natural disaster) TERM 50
Founder effect
DEFINITION 50 start with a small population, small group colonizes in a new area Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome in the Amish; geneticists can trace back the trait back to one couple
- Balanced polymorphism (heterozygote
advantage)
- maintenance of two or more alleles in a population due to the selective advantage of the heterozygote which is just a carrier; carriers have an advantage, homozygous are restricted against TERM 52
o Sickle cell allele
DEFINITION 52 o alters the shape of the hemoglobin and so changes the shape of the red blood cells- can lead to an early death; there are populations where the frequencies are higher than others TERM 53
a. Monogenism
DEFINITION 53 all humans descended from a single original pair (Adam and Eve), you saw in humans that variation was due to environmental differences TERM 54
b. Polygenism
DEFINITION 54 a. there were too many variations in people; humans descended from multiple original pairs from different parts of the world TERM 55
a. Biological Determinism
DEFINITION 55 a. idea that behavioral attributes such as intelligence or morals, are governed by or associated with biological phenotype traits
