Download Anthro 2B Final (Egan) Study Guide: Evolution, Primate Anatomy, and Locomotion and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Evolutionary biology in PDF only on Docsity!
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Anthro 2B Final (Egan) Study Guide
1. macro-evolution: evolution above the species level
2. micro-evolution: evolution below the species level
3. speciation: occurs when one species splits into two, which involves a reproduc- tive isolating
mechanism
4. example of reproductive isolation but NOT speciation: leopard frogs in Florida vs. Maine, can still
reproduce but just can't because they are isolated; gene flow can happen
5. extrinsic isolating mechanism: factors producing geographic isolation which physically
separates individuals (ex: movement of tectonic plates; mountains)
6. Intrinsic/ Pre-zygotic: no a physical barrier separation; this isolating mechanism prevents
sperm from meeting egg; prevents zygote from ever forming
7. example of pre-zygotic isolating mechanism: different pine tree species pro- duce pollen at
different times of the year
8. post-zygotic: a zygote forms but might have a mutation that will cause it to die after
9. examples of post-zygotic isolating mechansim: infant can be born but is sick and dies; the
resultant offspring is sterile!
10. fundamental principle of natural selection: rate of evolutionary change is directly
proportional to the degree of variability in the population
11. corollary natural selection principle: fate of all evolutionary lineages is extinc- tion; 99.9% of
all lineages ever existing on Earth went extinct
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12. anagenesis: change in a species over a long period of time; supports gradual- ism theory of
evolutionary change
13. cladogenesis: sudden split results in formation of 2 species from 1 species; supports
punctuated theory of evolutionary change
14. phyletic gradualsim: emphasizes anagenesis; slow change over time that leads to
formation of a new species
15. punctuated equilibrium: emphasizes cladogenesis; evolutionary change from sudden
speciation events
16. adaptive radiation: rapid expansion & diversification of a group of organisms as they adapt to
a newly available ecological space; involves rapid speciation/cladoge- nesis; occurs from new changes that open up potential new habitats to a group of organisms
17. what type of theory of evolutionary change does a phylogenetic tree model?: the
punctuated equilibrium theory of evolutionary change
18. example of adaptive radiation: South American finch goes to Galapagos Is- lands (species
with HIGH adaptive potential invades a new local)
19. another example of adaptive radiation: mutations produce major adaptive shift such as the
evolution of the amniotic egg; mutations give you a new way of using an environment that no one else has
20. generalized: species able to exploit a wide range of ecological space; a jack of all trades and
ace of none
21. specialized: species are specialized to a narrowly defined eco-niche; ace of one trade
22. generalized vs. specialized species: generalized species tend to start adap- tive radiation
and have more potential to survive/adapt; when species specialize, competition can cause
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2.reduced snout
3.auditory bulla
4.prehensile hands/feet (precise grip)
5.larger brain/increased cerebral cortex
6.decreased litter size
7.post-orbital bar or septum
34. post-orbital bar: a skeletal structure in form of a bar of bone, behind the eye that does not
close it off (strepsirrhines)
35. post-orbital septum/closure: P-O septum (partial p-o bar); eye socket is en- tirely protected
by bone; P-O closure is when it is fully closed
36. Who has a P-O bar/P-O septum?: strepsirrhines have a P-O bar, haplorrhines have a
partial/closed P-O septum -simiiformes have full P-O closure
37. binocular/stereoscopic vision: 2 eyes positioned facing forward; overlapping fields of vision;
both eyes focus on an object/eyes are in front of head; eyes send stimulatory signals to both hemispheres of brain; provides depth perception
38. color vision: abundance of cones in eyes; nocturnal primates are exception;
diurnal/crepuscular(twilight) organisms usually have color vision
39. night vision: abundance of rods in the eye (not cones); allows nocturnal organ- isms to see
at night
40. Who is nocturnal/who isn't?: Lorisiformes (under strepsirrhini) and Tarsi- iformes (under
haplorrhini)
5 / 18 Lemuriformes are NOT nocturnal
41. auditory bulla: skeletal chamber which holds the tiny bones of the middle ear
42. K-selection: a reproducing strategy where parents lay little offspring and give extensive
care to their babies; constant population
- this is the type of reproducing strategy in primates
43. R-selection: a reproducing strategy where parents lay numerous offspring and have them
survive if they can; no parental care; population number varies
44. visual predation hypothesis: the proposition that unique primate traits arose as adaptations
to preying on insects and on small animals; catching of small prey using specialized vision and motor skills set primate evolution in motion
45. Where are lemuriformes from?: Madagascar
46. Where are the lorisiformes from?: Africa/Asia
47. Where are the tarsiiformes from?: South-East Asia
48. Where are the Platyrrhini (New World Monkeys) from?: South America
49. Where are the Catarrhini (Old World Monkeys) from?: Africa/Asia
50. Where is the Hylobatidae from (Hominoidea): SouthEast Asia
51. the only species in the Hominidae that is not found in Africa; and where is it found?: the
Orangutan (Pongae) is found in sumatra/borneo
52. Where are the rest of the hominidae found?: gorilla, homininae (panini) found in Africa;
hominini found everywhere (humans!)
53. Dental formula: ICPM
#incisors:#canines:#premolars:#molars
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3.narrow nostrils
4.fused mandible
65. prehensile tail: tail that can be used for grabbing objects
66. who has the prehensile tail: Haplorhinni > Simiiformes > Platyrrhini > CE- BOIDEA
67. twin births: monozygotic but not identical; common in Ceboidea/caltrichidae
68. canine diastema: gap in a tooth row to accommodate the canine tooth so mammal can
close its mouth/chew
69. CP3 complex: large canines; example of sexual dimorphism: much larger in males than in
females; goes with diastema
70. ischial callosities: thick piece of skin found on buttocks
71. who has ischial callosities?: Haplorrhini > Simiiformes > Catarrhini > CERCO- PITHECOIDEA
and Haplorrhini > Simiiformes > Catarrhini > Hominoidea > HYLOBATIDAE
72. Bilophodont Molar Pattern: 4 cusps on the molar; lower molars have 2 ridges
73. Y-5 Molar Pattern: 5 cusps on the molars
74. who has the Bilophodont Molar pattern?: Haplorrhini > Simiiformes > Ca- tarrhini >
CERCOPITHECOIDEA
75. who has the Y-5 molar pattern?: Haplorrhini > Simiiformes > Catarrhini > HOMINOIDEA
76. Estrus/Estrus Swelling: females go thru estrus, part of the menstrual cycle
77. sexual dimorphism: average difference in body size between adult MALES and FEMALES that
distinguish the two genders
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78. IMI: intermembral index = (arm length/leg length) *
79. Body size - IMI (types of locomotion): -IMI < 100, small body size, vertical clinging/leaping,
arm shorter than legs -IMI = 100, medium, quadruped, all fours, arm = legs -IMI > 100, large, suspensory/brachiation, arms longer than legs
80. Hominoid/Quadruped Anatomical Contrasts: Hominoids:
-brachiators anatomy -short legs, long arms
- IMI > 100
- larger primates swing
- no tail Cercopithecoidea: -quadruped anatomy -narrow, deep thorax -limited rotation in shoulders -limited extension of forearms -limited flexibility in wrists -arms and legs same length
- IMI = 100
- tail
81. who does fist walking?: Ponginae (Orangutan)
82. who does knuckle walking?: Gorillinae (chimps/gorillas) and Panini (under homininae)
83. Diurnal: awake during the day
10 / 18 needs for food & shelter, survives, and reproduces
96. territory: INSIDE a home range; an area aggressively defended against intru- sion,
especially intrusion by con-specifics
97. home range: total area used by an organism or a social group of organisms; all the area they
explore
98. behavior ecology/socio-ecology: behavior within environment
social organization: means by which organisms adjusted to their environments; relationship between environment and social behaviors
99. sociobiology: -natural selection & alleged genetic bases of social behavior
-study of whether genes control social behavior
100. Infanticide among Langurs: -male drives out other male and kills all of that male's
infants -then mates with the females to create its own offspring and increase its own fitness
101. kin selection: altruistic behaviors may be selected for when directed toward biological
relatives
102. Diversity of Primate Social Organization and Ecological Correlates: 1. solitary: single
organisms defend a territory
2.monogamy: male and female mate
3.polyandry: 1 female, many adult males
4.single male: 1 male, many adult females
5.multi-male/female: many of both
103. dominance hierarchies: hierarchy of ranked statuses sustained by HOSTILE BEHAVIOR
11 / 18 -from high to low, what keeps this going is hostile actions -threat, but rarely physical violence -there is FEMALE dominance also
104. what are some behaviors revealing dominance?: strutting
105. what are some behaviors revealing submissiveness?: cowering
106. grooming: a "currency" of what they are interested in
-grooming another individual to establish an alliance at the moment or for some future event
107. proto-culture: the passing of behaviors from one generation to another among non-
numan primates; we think only we have culture but others do too; these are SHARED meanings, not genetic-based
108. study of proto-culture in Japanese Macques: -study done on Koshima Is- land
-though they've never been fed potatoes, they know how to wash them in the stream, other betas follow the alphas
109. study of proto-culture in chimps: tool making (make modifications as well as use tools)
to fish for termites
110. Something that will be asked on the test regarding humans relation
to chimps: Human beings did NOT evolve from chimpanzees; we have common ancestors
111. tool use & manufacture: chimpanzees don't just use tools (such as spears) but they
also modify them for convenience (termite fishing)
112. hunting (about chimpanzees): they hunt antelopes; male hunt and females direct the
hunting!
113. acquisition of innovation: Japanese macques have never been fed potatoes and don't
know how to eat them but they think with their brain to wash them in the stream
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115. what does genetic similarity mean?: when you share many of the same protein
order in DNA -DNA can be NO MORE than 75% different yet it doesn't predict any genetic similarity
116. what does genetic difference mean?: difference in DNA/protein; interpreta- tion of
differences always involves a culture framework - Great Chain of Being
117. problems in mapping genetic/biological difference to behavioral differ- ence:
IMPORTANT: no necessary relationship -different behavior DOES NOT MEAN different biology/genetics! humans have different behaviors
118. science: accuracy vs. authority: -accuracy: science AIMS for accuracy, to build models
of mechanisms and relationships -authority: science HAS authority, a privileged position and special claims to validity
119. scientism: uncritical acceptance; there is a big problem: they claim but are not always
accurate/correct -unchallenged; uncritical faith in scientists
120. sociocultural embeddedness of science: problem for behavior genetics; naturalizing
the social world
121. responsibilities of science: need to ask ourselves:
1.what do scientific ideas do?
2.are scientific ideas supported, accurate?
3.are we engaging in scientism?
4.need to research "subjects" (Human Genome Diversity Project)
122. racism, elitism, eugenics: -race/racism: we are all a subset of Africa and problems
14 / 18 of race are social and not biological; how useful is race? -elitism: one group is better at something than others -eugenics in the early 20th century: breeding programs for people, which can regulate reproduction --> increase good traits and remove bad traits
123. paraphyletic Africans: they are an ancestral, diverse group
-Asians & Europeans come from Africans
124. scientism in eugenics (more on eugenics): eugenics in public policy forced
sterilization genocide US immigration policy elimination of weak or unfit people
125. Human Genome Diversity Project: effort to establish a genetic research museum of the
human species; cover genetic diversity in human species for study by geneticists; use cell lines derived from various peoples of the world genetic diversity is a continuum with no clear breaks delineating racial groups
126. science & other epistemologies: there is no God because science has established
there is no God (you were not able to test/no evidence)
127. Paleospecies & Biological Species: -Paleospecies: species identified from FOSSIL
remains based on their physical similarities/differences relative to other species/morphology -Biological species: species able to reproduce effectively
128. Lumpers vs. Splitters: lumpers: assign fossils to pre-existing species cate- gories
splitters: call any new fossil that is somewhat different a new spices
129. Molecular evolution: infer phylogenetic relationships using ANATOMICAL
SIMILARITIES
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140. potassium-argon dating (K-Ar): isotopes: 40K sold to 40Ar gas half life:
1.3 billion years material for analysis: nonlinear, predictive pattern, volcanic activity, previously molten rock temporal range: older than 200kBC
141. Carbon 14 dating: isotope: 14C to 14N half-
life: 5730 years material for analysis: organic temporal range: 70,000 to 400 years ago
142. Cretaceous Period of Mesozoic Era: age of dinosaurs, ends with extinction of dinosaurs
143. Paleocene Epoch: first Epoch of Cenozoic era evidence of
primate like animals; but lack all primate trait -prehensile hands/feet -but NO binocular/stereoscopic vision
144. Eocene Epoch: -FIRST PRIMATES show full set of primate traits
-PO bar -forward facing eyes
- nails -fused auditory bulla -prehensile hands/feet -Promisian Grade
145. Oligocene Epoch: -FIRST ANTHROPOIDS (simiiformes, cata, platy)
-full PO closure
146. Miocene Epoch: Hominoids/Hominids/Cercopithecoids
17 / 18 -no tail -wide diversity of apes
147. Late Miocene / Pliocene Epoch: - bipedalism
-Hominins: Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, & early Homo
148. Pleistocene Epoch: -Homo & Australopithecus
149. Holocene Epoch: - Homo
150. Early Primates// Aegyptopithecus: full PO closure (catarrhine)
151. Proconsul: under Miocene, a genus name of a hominid
152. Sivapithecus: under Miocene, ancestor of orangutan; similar face and ears
153. footprints at Leotoli, Tanzania: in E. Africa over 3.7 mya
-evidence of bipedalism
154. Early Pliocene Hominins: E. and C. Africa
-Sahelanthropus tchadensis -Orrorin tugenesis -Ardipithecus ramidus -Australopithecus anamensis
155. anatomy of bipedalism: -Foramen Magnum (big hole in the base of cranium) so the
spinal cord can run thru -in quadrupeds: the hole is located in the back of the cranium -bipeds: centered underneath the cranium for upright posture
156. theories of why bipedalsim evolved: -broader vision over Savannah
-better heat control, air flow, hot on the ground/all fours
