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Antibiotic Mechanisms and Classification Summary, Study notes of Urology

Vrije Universiteit BrusselUrology

This summary outlines the mechanisms of various antibiotics, including their effects on bacterial walls, dna synthesis, and folate production. It also covers antibiotic classes such as beta-lactams, quinolones, and aminoglycosides, along with their specific actions, benefits, and side effects.

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 08/05/2022

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ANTIBIOTIC SUMMARY
ANTIBIOTIC
MECHANISM
G+
G-
CURIOSITIES
BETA-LACTAMS
(penicillin)
INHIBIT BACTERIAL WALL
SYNTHESIS
++
CEPHALOSPORINS
*BACTERICIDAL*
-1st generation
-2nd generation
-3rd generation
-4th generation
INHIBIT BACTERIAL WALL
SYNTHESIS
+++
++
+
++
+
++
+++
+++
QUINOLONES
*BACTERICIDAL*
INHIBIT DNA GYRASE,
TOPOISOMERASE (DNA
SYNTHESIS)
++
+++
NITROFURANTOIN
*BACTERICIDAL*
BACTERIAL FLAVOPROTEINS --
-ACTIVE PRODUCTS-MULTIPLE
MECHANISMS OF ACTION
++
++
FOSFOMYCIN
*BACTERICIDAL*
INHIBITS BACTERIAL WALL
SYNTHESIS
++
++
TMP-SMX
INHIBITS FOLATE
++
(MR Staf
AUREUS)
++
VANCOMYCIN
*BACTERICIDAL*
INHIBITS BACTERIAL WALL
SYNTHESIS
+++
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
(gentamicin, amikacin)
*BACTERICIDAL*
INHIBIT m-RNA 30s
SYNTHESIS
+++
MACROLIDES
(eritromicin,azythro.)
INHIBIT m-RNA 50s
SYNTHESIS
++
+
TETRACYCLINES
(doxycycline,tetracycline)
BIND 30S SUBUNIT
INHIBITS aminoacyl t-RNA to
the RIBOSOME
++
++
METRONIDAZOLE
*BACTERICIDAL*
UPTAKE BY CELL, REDUCED TO
ACTIVE METABOLITES, DNA
SYNTHESIS
ANAEROBIC
PROTOZOA
CLINDAMYCIN
BINDS 50S SUBUNIT
INHIBITS peptidyl transferase
ANAEROBIC
GRAM +
PREGNANCY: Penicillins, including amoxicillin,
ampicillin, Cephalosporins, Fosfomycin,
Nitrofurantoin, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, (TMP-
SMX, but should be avoided during the first trimester of
pregnancy)
IMAGE: Kapoor G, Saigal S, Elongavan A. Action and resistance mechanisms of antibiotics: A guide for
clinicians. doi:10.4103/joacp.JOACP_349_15

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ANTIBIOTIC SUMMARY

ANTIBIOTIC MECHANISM G+ G- CURIOSITIES

BETA-LACTAMS

(penicillin)

INHIBIT BACTERIAL WALL

SYNTHESIS

++ “Frequent”^ anaphylaxis^ and allergies

CEPHALOSPORINS

BACTERICIDAL

  • 1st generation
  • 2nd generation
  • 3rd generation
  • 4th generation

INHIBIT BACTERIAL WALL

SYNTHESIS

1 st^ generation low cross-allergy with penicillin allergies. QUINOLONES BACTERICIDAL

INHIBIT DNA GYRASE,

TOPOISOMERASE (DNA

SYNTHESIS)

++ +++ Cartilage toxicity,^ Tendonitis, tendon

rupture NOT RECOMM. 1ST^ LINE UNCOMPLICATED UTI NITROFURANTOIN BACTERICIDAL

BACTERIAL FLAVOPROTEINS --

- ACTIVE PRODUCTS-MULTIPLE

MECHANISMS OF ACTION

++ ++ Hemolytic anemia^ (G6PD),^ lung fibrosis

Good for urine infections (bad systemic) Lack coverage proteus, pseudomonas FOSFOMYCIN BACTERICIDAL

INHIBITS BACTERIAL WALL

SYNTHESIS

++ ++ Allergic reactions, anaphylaxis

Toxic megacolon 1 ST^ LINE ACUTE UNCOMPLICATED CYSTITIS

TMP-SMX INHIBITS FOLATE ++

(MR Staf AUREUS)

++ Stevens Jonhson^ syndrome,

Kernicterus (kids), hemolytic anemia VANCOMYCIN BACTERICIDAL

INHIBITS BACTERIAL WALL

SYNTHESIS

+++ Red man syndrome^ (quickly IV)

Ototoxicity, Nephrotoxicity AMINOGLYCOSIDES (gentamicin, amikacin) BACTERICIDAL INHIBIT m-RNA 30s SYNTHESIS

Ototoxicity, Nephrotoxicity MACROLIDES (eritromicin,azythro.) INHIBIT m-RNA 50s SYNTHESIS

++ + Abdominal pain, QT-prolongation

Increases other drugs levels (CYP) TETRACYCLINES (doxycycline,tetracycline)

BIND 30S SUBUNIT

INHIBITS aminoacyl t-RNA to the RIBOSOME

++ ++ Teeth yellowing

Inhibit bone growth Antiacids interfere absorption METRONIDAZOLE BACTERICIDAL

UPTAKE BY CELL, REDUCED TO

ACTIVE METABOLITES, DNA

SYNTHESIS

ANAEROBIC

PROTOZOA

Disulfiram like reaction Metallic taste CLINDAMYCIN BINDS 50S SUBUNIT INHIBITS peptidyl transferase

ANAEROBIC

GRAM +

Pseudomembranous enterocolitis

PREGNANCY: Penicillins, including amoxicillin,

ampicillin, Cephalosporins, Fosfomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, (TMP- SMX, but should be avoided during the first trimester of pregnancy) IMAGE: Kapoor G, Saigal S, Elongavan A. Action and resistance mechanisms of antibiotics: A guide for clinicians. doi:10.4103/joacp.JOACP_349_