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Understanding Antimicrobials: Bacteriostatic, Bactericidal, Spectrum, Antibiotics, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Biology

Virginia State University (VSU)Biology

A comprehensive study guide on antimicrobials, focusing on the differences between bacteriostatic and bactericidal, broad and narrow spectrum, and various antibiotic classifications based on mechanism of action and organism. It also covers empiric antibiotic use, therapeutic use, and diagnostic methods such as gram staining and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) tests.

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2023/2024

Available from 05/27/2024

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Antimicrobials Study Guide Review

▪ Differentiate Bacteriostatic and Bacterialcidal.

• bactericidal – directly lethal to bacteria at clinically achievable

concentrations

• bacteriostatic – slow bacterial growth but do not cause cell death

▪ What is the difference between broad spectrum and narrow spectrum?

• Narrow – active against only a few species of microorganisms

• Broad – active against a wide variety of microbes

▪ Which is preferred?

• Narrow-spectrum

▪ antibiotic classifications by MOA?

• Drugs that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

oPenicillins, cephalosporins

• Drugs that increase cell membrane permeability

oAmphotericin B

• Drugs that cause lethal inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis

oAminoglycosides

• Drugs that cause nonlethal inhibition of protein synthesis

oTetracyclines

• Drugs that inhibit bacterial synthesis of DNA and RNA

oRifampin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin

• Antimetabolites

oTrimethoprim, sulfonamides

• Drugs that suppress viral replication

▪ antibiotic classifications by organism?

• Narrow Spectrum

oGram positive cocci and gram positive bacilli

➢ Penicillin

➢ Vancomycin

➢ Erythromycin

➢ clindamycin

oGram negative aerobes

➢ Aminoglycosides – gentamicin

➢ cephalosporins

oTB

➢ Isoniazid

➢ Rifampin

➢ Ethambutol

➢ pyrazinamide

• Broad Spectrum

oGram positive cocci and gram negative bacilli

➢ Ampicillin

Discover Study Guides, Projects, Research of Biology Virginia State University (VSU)

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Antimicrobials Study Guide Review

▪ Differentiate Bacteriostatic and Bacterialcidal.

bactericidal – directly lethal to bacteria at clinically achievable concentrations
bacteriostatic – slow bacterial growth but do not cause cell death ▪ What is the difference between broad spectrum and narrow spectrum?
Narrow – active against only a few species of microorganisms
Broad – active against a wide variety of microbes ▪ Which is preferred?
Narrow-spectrum ▪ antibiotic classifications by MOA?
Drugs that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis o Penicillins, cephalosporins
Drugs that increase cell membrane permeability o Amphotericin B
Drugs that cause lethal inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis o Aminoglycosides
Drugs that cause nonlethal inhibition of protein synthesis o Tetracyclines
Drugs that inhibit bacterial synthesis of DNA and RNA o Rifampin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin
Antimetabolites o Trimethoprim, sulfonamides
Drugs that suppress viral replication ▪ antibiotic classifications by organism?
Narrow Spectrum o Gram positive cocci and gram positive bacilli ➢ Penicillin ➢ Vancomycin ➢ Erythromycin ➢ clindamycin o Gram negative aerobes ➢ Aminoglycosides – gentamicin ➢ cephalosporins o TB ➢ Isoniazid ➢ Rifampin ➢ Ethambutol ➢ pyrazinamide
Broad Spectrum o Gram positive cocci and gram negative bacilli ➢ Ampicillin

➢ Piperacillin ➢ Tetracyclines ➢ Carbapenems ➢ Sulfonamides ➢ Fluoroquinolones - ciprofloxacin

Antivirals o HIV ➢ Reverse transcriptase inhibitors – zidovudine ➢ Protease inhibitors – ritonavir ➢ Fusion inhibitors – enfuvirtide ➢ Integrase inhibitors – raltegravir ➢ CCR5 antagonists - maraviroc o Influenza ➢ Adamantanes – amantadine ➢ Neuraminidase inhibitors - oseltamivir o Others ➢ Acyclovir ➢ Ribavirin ➢ Interferon alfa
Antifungals o Polyene antibiotics – amphotericin o Azoles – itraconazole o Echinocandins – caspofungin ▪ Bacteriostatic: ECSTaTiC
E rythromycin
C lindamycin
S ulfamethoxazole
T rimethoprim
a
T etracycline
i
C hloramphenicol ▪ Bacterialcidal: Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder
V ancomycin
F luoroquinolones
P enicillin
A minoglycosides
C ephalosporins
M etronidazole ▪ What is empiric antibiotic use?
When the patient has a severe infection, we may have to initiate treatment before test results are available.

influenza virus).

Compared with Gram staining, PCR tests are both more specific and more sensitive.

▪ Which antibiotics work by weakening the cell wall?

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Aztreonam ▪ Beta Lactam?
Beta-lactam ring in their structure o Penicillins o Cephalosporins o Carbapenems o Aztreonam ▪ What are the medications that react with PCN?
Bacteriostatic antibiotics (tetracycline)
Penicillin only works on bacteria that are active and growing ▪ What organisms are susceptible to PCN?
Gram positive bacteria
Gram negative cocci
Anaerobic bacteria
spirochetes ▪ What are the first generation, second generation and 3 rd^ generation cephalosporins?
1 st^ – cephalexin o Highly active against gram-positive bacteria
2 nd^ – cefoxitin o Enhanced activity against gram-negative bacteria
3 rd^ – cefotaxime o Broad spectrum w/ increased resistance to beta-lactamases o More active against gram-negative aerobes
4 th^ – cefepime o Very broad spectrum
5 th^ – ceftaroline o Broad spectrum o Only cephalosporin against MRSA ▪ Why is there a cross reaction with PCN and cephalosporins?
cephalosporins should not be given to patients with a history of severe reactions to penicillins.
Because of structural similarities between penicillins and cephalosporins, ▪ What are the beta lactam antibiotics?

Carbapenems
Aztreonam ▪ What bacterial coverage do beta lactams have?
They disrupt the bacterial cell wall ▪ What are the 4 tetracycline antibiotics?
Demeclocycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline
Tetracycline ▪ How do they work?
Suppress bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis
Bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibit binding of tRNA to mRNA
Addition of amino acids to the growing peptide chain is prevented
Bacteriostatic ▪ What organisms are they effective for?
Rickettsia
Spirochetes
Brucella
Chlamydia
Mycoplasma
Heliobacter pylori
Borrelia burgdorferi
Bacillus antracis
Vibrio cholerae ▪ What are the adverse effects?
GI irritation - Discoloration of bones and teeth
Superinfection
Hepatotoxicity
Renal toxicity - Increase in the sensitivity of skin to UV light ▪ What interferes with their absorption?
Reduced by food
Form insoluable chelates w/ Ca, Fe, Mg, Al, and Zn
Result is decreased absorption Macrolides: (Erythromycin) ▪ What are therapeutic uses?
First choice for Bordetella pertussis – whooping cough
Can be used as an alternative to penicillin G in those with allergy

Acute diphtheria – Corynebacterium diptheriae
Pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae ▪ How do they work?
Inhibits protein synthesis
Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit
Thereby blocks addition of new amino acids to the growing peptide chain ▪ Side effects?
GI effects
QT prolongation and sudden cardiac death – torsades de pointes
Superinfection of the bowel Linezolid ▪ What organisms are susceptible to Linezolid?
Has activity against VRE and MRSA
Bacteriostatic inhibitor of protein synthesis Telithromycin ▪ What are side effects of?
Injury to liver
Check liver enzymes regularly ▪ BB Warning?
In patients with myasthenia gravis, it can make muscle weakness much worse
Some have died from respiratory failure Dalfopristin? ▪ What bugs are susceptible? o Vancomycin resistant E. Faecium o MRA o Methicillin resistant S. epidermidis o Drug resistant S. pneumoniae ▪ BB Warning? o Should be reserved for infections that have not responded to vancoymcin ▪ What is BB warning for chloramphenicol?
Produces aplastic anemia o Characterized by pancytopenia and bone marrow aplasia o Reaction is usually fatal ▪ What are retapamulin and mupirocin used for?

1 ▪ What are side effects of Vancomycin?

Renal failure
Kidney damage represented by 50% increase in serum Creatinine level
Ototoxicity
Thrombophlebitis
Thrombocytopenia Aminoglycosides ▪ What bacteria are susceptible?
Aerobic gram negative bacilli
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Serratia marcescens
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
CAN NOT KILL ANAEROBES ▪ Major side effects?
Ototoxicity
Neurotoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Neuromuscular blockade ▪ What are peak and trough levels?
Peak levels should be sufficiently high
Trough levels should be low – close to 0
Must take peak levels 30 mins after giving dose
Trough should be taken just before the next dose Sulfonamides ▪ How do they work?
Suppress bacterial growth
Inhibits synthesis of tetrahydrofolate – derivative of folic acid
Required by all cells for DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis ▪ What are drug/drug interactions?
Intensify effects of ▪ Warfarin ▪ Phenytoin ▪ Sulfonylurea type oral hypoglycemic

Understanding Antimicrobials: Bacteriostatic, Bactericidal, Spectrum, Antibiotics, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Biology

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Partial preview of the text

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Antimicrobials Study Guide Review