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AP Gov Exam Study Guide Question and
Answer 2023.
Charles Beard's theory of the Constitution Correct Answer: believed the Constitution was written in favor of the wealthy classes (land owners) Federalist no. 10 Correct Answer: part of a collection of essays promoting ratification of the Constitution; written by James Madison, addresses the question of how to guard against factions-argued that a strong, big republic would be a better guard against those dangers Federalist no. 51 Correct Answer: art of a collection of essays promoting ratification of the Constitution; written by James Madison, addresses means by which appropriate checks and balances can be created in government and also advocates a separation of powers within the national government Marbury v. Madison Correct Answer: established the practice of judicial review McCulloch v. Maryland Correct Answer: established two important principles in constitutional law: the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government, and state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government. Divided government Correct Answer: Governance divided between the parties, especially when one holds the presidency and the other controls one or both houses of Congress Federalism Correct Answer: separation of power between state and federal governments
Mandate Correct Answer: a president's claim of broad public support Block grants Correct Answer: broad grants to states for prescribed activities, with only a few strings attached-states have greater flexibility Devolution Revolution Correct Answer: the effort to slow the growth of the federal government by returning many functions to the states AFDC (aid to families with dependent children) Correct Answer: federal guarantee of welfare checks for all eligible mothers and children TANF (temporary assistance to needy families) Correct Answer: welfare block grant to states; you can be on welfare for only a total of 5 years in your lifetime; must be actively looking for a job Lopez v. U.S. Correct Answer: (1995) the first United States Supreme Court case since the New Deal to set limits to Congress's power under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. Iron Triangle Correct Answer: a policy making alliance that involves very strong ties among a congressional committee, an interest group and a federal department or agency Issue Network Correct Answer: relationships among interest groups, congressional committees and subcommittees, and the government agencies that share a common policy concern
Hold Correct Answer: a procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator temporarily blocks the consideration of a bill or nomination Cloture Correct Answer: a procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate Pork Barrel Politics Correct Answer: the appropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money to a representative's district Log rolling Correct Answer: Mutual aid and vote trading among legislators Riders Correct Answer: a provision attached to a bill-to which it may or may not be related-in order to secure its passage Rules Committee Correct Answer: determine the basic operations of their chamber Discharge Petition Correct Answer: Petition that, if signed by a majority of the House, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the floor for consideration Conference Committee Correct Answer: committee appointed by the presiding officers of each chamber to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different form Seniority Rule Correct Answer: a legislative practice that assigns the chair of a committee or subcommittee to the member of the majority party with the longest continuous service on the committee
Speaker Correct Answer: the presiding officer in the House, formally elected by the House but actually selected by the majority party Delegate Correct Answer: an official who is expected to represent the views of his or her constituents even when personally holding different views Trustee Correct Answer: an official who is expected to vote independently based on his or her judgment of the circumstances OMB (office of management and budget) Correct Answer: Presidential staff agency that serves as a clearing-house for budgetary requests and management improvements for government agencies CBO (congressional budget office) Correct Answer: an agency of Congress that analyzes presidential budget recommendations and estimates the costs of proposed legislation Single member district Correct Answer: an electoral district in which voters choose one representative or official Safe seat Correct Answer: an elected office that is predictably won by one party or the other, so the success of that party's candidate is almost taken for granted United States v. Curtiss-Wright Correct Answer: involving principles of both governmental regulation of business and the supremacy of the executive branch of the federal government to conduct foreign affairs; the Court concluded that foreign affairs power was vested in the national government as a whole and also that the President of the United States had "plenary" powers in the foreign affairs field that was not dependent upon congressional delegation.
Party identification Correct Answer: Number one predictor on how people vote Impoundment Correct Answer: Presidential refusal to allow an agency to spend funds that Congress authorized an appropriated Executive Privilege Correct Answer: the power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security Executive Order Correct Answer: formal orders issued by the president to direct action by the federal bureaucracy Political Socialization Correct Answer: the process-most notably in families and schools-by which we develop our political attitudes, values, and beliefs Writ of Certiorari Correct Answer: a formal writ used to bring a case before the Supreme Court Amicus Curiae briefs Correct Answer: (friend of the court) filed by an individual or organization to present arguments in addition to those presented by the immediate parties to a case Stare decisis Correct Answer: the rule of precedent, whereby a rule or law contained in a judicial decision is commonly viewed as binding on judges whenever the same question is presented Appellate Jurisdiction Correct Answer: the authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts
Original Jurisdiction Correct Answer: the authority of a court to hear a case "in the first instance" Senatorial Courtesy Correct Answer: Presidential custom of submitting the names of prospective appointees for approval to senators from the states in which the appointees are to work Rule of 4 Correct Answer: four out of nine justices must agree to review a case Habeus Corpus Correct Answer: a writ (legal action) that requires a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court Judicial Activism Correct Answer: philosophy proposing that judges should interpret the Constitution to reflect current conditions and values Judicial Restraint Correct Answer: Philosophy proposing that judges should interpret the Constitution to reflect what the framers intended and what its words literally say Merit System Correct Answer: a system of public employment in which selection and promotion depend on demonstrated performance rather than on political patronage Pendleton Act Correct Answer: (1883) created an independent Civil Service Commission to assure that most federal jobs were awarded under a merit system, not political connections Civil Service Commission and Reform Correct Answer: a government agency of the federal government of the United States which was created to select employees of federal government on merit rather than relationships. In 1979, it was dissolved
Prior Restraint Correct Answer: Censorship imposed before a speech is made or a newspaper is published; usually presumed to be unconstitutional Bill of Attainder Correct Answer: legislative act inflicting punishment, including deprivation of property, without a trial, on named individuals or members of a specific group Ex Post Facto Correct Answer: retroactive criminal law that works to the disadvantage of a person Due Process Correct Answer: clause in the firth amendment limiting the power of the national government; similar clause in the 14th amendment prohibiting state governments from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law Procedural Due Process Correct Answer: Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power Substantive Due Process Correct Answer: Constitutional requirement hat governments act reasonably and that the substance of the laws themselves be fair and reasonable; limits what a government may do Privacy Rights Correct Answer: 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 14th amendments Eminent Domain Correct Answer: Power of a government to take private property for public use; are required to provide just compensation for property so taken Exclusionary Rule Correct Answer: Requirement that evidence unconstitutionally or illegally obtained be excluded from a criminal trial
Mapp v. Ohio Correct Answer: decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures," may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts, as well, as had previously been the law, as in federal criminal law prosecutions in federal courts. The Court accomplished this by use of a principle known as selective incorporation Grand Jury Correct Answer: a jury of 12 to 23 persons who, in private, hear evidence presented by the government to determine whether persons shall be required to stand trial. If the jury believes there is sufficient evidence that a crime was committed, it issues an indictment True Bill Correct Answer: written up by Grand Jury, found cause to make the charge Plea Bargain Correct Answer: agreement between a prosecutor and a defendant that the defendant will plead guilty to a lesser offense to avoid having to stand trial for a more serious offense Double Jeopardy Correct Answer: Trial or punishment for the same crime by the same government; forbidden by the Constitution Affirmative Action Correct Answer: Remedial action designed to overcome the effects of discrimination against minorities and women Gratz v. Bollinger Correct Answer: struck down the University of Michigan's admissions policy that awarded points to applicants based on various factors including racial and ethnic background (affirmative action)
Roe v. Wade Correct Answer: upheld the right to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment extended to a woman's decision to have an abortion, Casey v. Planned Parenthood Correct Answer: upheld the constitutional right to have an abortion and altered the standards for analyzing restrictions of that right, invalidating one regulation but upholding the other four. Brown v. Board of Education Correct Answer: declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional Civil Rights Act Correct Answer: (1964) prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin by federal and state governments as well as some public places Strict Scrutiny Correct Answer: courts must be persuaded there is both a "compelling government interest" to justify such a classification and no less restrictive way to accomplish the compelling purpose Heightened Scrutiny Correct Answer: government must show that its classification serves "important governmental objectives" Rational Basis Test Correct Answer: the test to determine whether a law complies with the equal protection requirement that places the burden of proof on the parties attacking the law; they must show that the law has no rational or legitimate governmental goals Voting Rights Act Correct Answer: (1964) outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S.
Entitlement Programs Correct Answer: Programs such as unemployment insurance, disaster relief, or disability payments that provide benefits to all eligible citizens Social Insurance Correct Answer: Programs in which eligibility is based on prior contributions to government, usually in the form of payroll taxes Fiscal Policy Correct Answer: Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling taxing and spending Keynesian Economics Correct Answer: Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be cubed during booms Demand Side Economics Correct Answer: taxing and spending Deficit Spending Correct Answer: the difference between the revenues raised annually from sources of income other than borrowing and the expenditures of government, including paying the interest on past borrowing U.S. debt Correct Answer: about 17 trillion Monetary Policy Correct Answer: raise/lower interest rates, borrow/print money; supply side economics; used to deal with inflation Federal Reserve Correct Answer: the system created by Congress in 1913 to establish banking practices and regulate currency in circulation and the amount of credit available. It consists of 12 regional banks supervised by the Board of Governors
Income Correct Answer: number one predictor on ideology/attitudes
