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AP Human Geo Unit 2 Notes, Lecture notes of Geography

Geography

Pg. 43-72 This document has examples and notes on Unit 2 AP Human Geography.

Typology: Lecture notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 11/16/2022

grace903 🇺🇸

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Key:

Vocab

Main Ideas

Extra Terms

Questions

Example

Conclusion

-Physical factors whether it be climate or one’s place on a continent influence where people

choose to live.

-climate- weather pattern over time

-landforms- where can I survive

-water bodies- water for me and my plants

-Human factors such as culture and other aspects of the human existence also influence where

people live as well.

-culture-my people

-economics-how can I make money

-history-events of the past, influences where people live today

-political-types of government/levels of freedom

●Where is the World’s Population Distributed? (Key Issue 1)

-Population distribution- the spatial distribution of people on earth’s surface

-Demography- the study of population geography

-Ex: age, race, education, gender, etc.

-Ecumene- the portion of the Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlements

-Ex:cities not including antarctica (does not include bodies of water)

*Density- the number of people in a space

●Types of Distribution- the spatial spread of people in a space

*Crude population density= total land area/total population

1. Arithmetic Density(population density)- the number of people per square mile

or per square kilometer

-Population/land (surface area)

Ex:Arithmetic Density is 98 people per square mile.

2. Physiological Density- the number of people per unit of arable land

-Population/arable land area

Ex: Physiological Density is 6995 people per square mile.

3. Agricultural Density- the number of farmers per unit of arable land

-farmer/unit of arable land

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Download AP Human Geo Unit 2 Notes and more Lecture notes Geography in PDF only on Docsity!

Key: Vocab Main Ideas Extra Terms Questions Example Conclusion -Physical factors whether it be climate or one’s place on a continent influence where people choose to live. -climate- weather pattern over time -landforms- where can I survive -water bodies- water for me and my plants -Human factors such as culture and other aspects of the human existence also influence where people live as well. -culture-my people -economics-how can I make money -history-events of the past, influences where people live today -political-types of government/levels of freedom

● Where is the World’s Population Distributed? (Key Issue 1)

Population distribution - the spatial distribution of people on earth’s surface
Demography - the study of population geography -Ex: age, race, education, gender, etc.
Ecumene - the portion of the Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlements -Ex:cities not including antarctica (does not include bodies of water) *Density- the number of people in a space ● Types of Distribution- the spatial spread of people in a space *Crude population density= total land area/total population 1. Arithmetic Density(population density) - the number of people per square mile or per square kilometer -Population/land (surface area) Ex:Arithmetic Density is 98 people per square mile.
1. Physiological Density - the number of people per unit of arable land -Population/arable land area Ex: Physiological Density is 6995 people per square mile.
2. Agricultural Density - the number of farmers per unit of arable land -farmer/unit of arable land

Ex: one farmer per square kilometer

Physiological population density differs from crude population density in that population density: -explains density in terms of people per arable land unit, while crude density in terms of people per total square land unit -Two-thirds of the world’s population is located in four regions: East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia. -The largest percentages of people in Asia live in rural areas; whereas, three-quarters of all Europeans live in towns and cities. ● East Asia

21% of the world’s population is here
Concentrated in coastal areas and along rivers
Population mostly rural, but with large urban center ● South Asia -25% of the world’s population is here -Primarily coastal populations, with large densities along Indus and Ganges Rivers ● Europe -Over 75% of the population lives in cities -Population distribution is more closely tied to manufacturing centers

Conclusion :

-Population density allows for geographers to describe the Human Environment Interaction by looking at the distribution of people and their impact on resources. -

● Why Is World Population Increasing?

The Demographic Transition Model

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) -total number of live births per thousand people in the country
Crude Death Rate (CDR) - total number of deaths per thousand people in the country
Natural Increase Rate (NIR) - When CBR is higher than CDR, natural increase occurs -this does not count for migration

(NIR)

-CBR and CDR are both very high so NIR is almost 0

CBR and CDR widely change from year to year
Primarily seen in hunter-gatherer societies
- No countries located at this stage today Stage 2 - High Growth: High CBR, rapidly declining CDR, and very high NIR -CDR plummets while CBR stays the same, so NIR increases rapidly
Factors:
Improved health care (e.g. Smallpox Vaccine)
Improved Hygiene (Water for drinking boiled)
Improved sanitation
Improved food production and storage
Improved transport for food
Decreased Infant Mortality Rates

-(demographic momentum) because death rates decline and birth rates remain high (assumes * Industrial Revolution ; can also be explained by a “ medical revolution ”) - the rapid increase in population associated with Stage 2 is referred to as a population explosion

Industrial revolution - A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
Medical revolution - medical technology invented in Europe and Asia that has diffused to the poorer countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives. Stage 3 - Moderate Growth/ Late expanding: Rapidly declining CBR, moderately declining CDR, and moderate NIR

CBR starts to decline while CDR continues to stay low
- Allows for only slower growth
- Factors:
  - Family planning available
  - Lower Infant Mortality Rate
  - Increased mechanization reduces need for workers
  - Increased standard of living
  - Changing status of women

of almost 0

(Zero Population Growth (ZPG) means no growth)
Factors:
- Women in workforce instead of home
- Availability of Birth Control
- Higher education levels
- Pessimism about future -birth rates continue to decline until the natural increase rate drops to zero - model assumes this occurs because of more changes in social customs (Stage 5 - low elderly support ratio - fewer working age people than there are people who depend on pensions, health care, and other government support)

● Population Theories

-Thomas Malthus, 1766-1834 (England) -“Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798” -Malthus argues that world population is growing exponentially while food production is only increasing arithmetically -Population would soon exceed food stores -Proposed “positive” and “negative” checks against population increase -Neo-Malthusians argue that gaps between resources and population will continue. -Is there a resource issue or a distribution issue? *-Malthus is incorrect because we make enough, we don't care enough to share with people. -It makes sense for natural resources such as water, wood, and minerals.

-A. Better Healthcare (medicines, cures), sanitation (dying less ), stability (dying less), safety (dying less), accessibility (more people can have it), family planning (having fewer children), low birth rate, low death rate- (increase in the average age), lower fertility rates (increase in average age), resources (environment), better education (we are more knowledgeable) -B. Older people use all the resources, and we use all the money to keep them alive. High dependency ratio in both elderly and children, nursing homes, healthcare, taxes, higher retirement ages -Social consequences: older people stay in office longer- Politics may become more conservative (good answer) increasing disputes between old people and young people

3. A.

-Country A: 2 high birth rate, collapsing death rate

B:4 lowering birth rate, low death rate higher population but low growth B.
1. Have a lot people who will make more money and such, advance the economy -4 low fertility, sustainable C. -2 early death rate high youth dependency rate -4. A high elderlhy dependency rate

● Pro-natalist and Anti-natalists polices

Pro-Natalist: promotes the production of human life

-A

● Vocab Quiz List: Know and give an example of each

Demography
Ecumene-permanent human population
Population density
Physiological density
Crude birth rate
Crude death rate
Natural increase
Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy
Population pyramid

Sex ratio
Cohort
Population projection

Part 2 Unit Two: Migration

Migration: -At a global scale, people generally migrate from the developing to the developed world. -The three largest flows are from Asia to Europe and North America, and from Latin America to North America. -Migration can be international (between different countries- ex: Spain to Russia) ( voluntary or forced ) or internal (within a country) ( either interregional between region s- ex. New Orleans to New York) or intra-regional) ( within a region -ex. New York to New Jersey) -internal migration is the most common migration Largest Migration : Asia-Europe Asia- N.A L.A.- N.A. -The difference between immigration (entering a country) and emigration (leaving a country) is net migration (math difference).

● “ Laws of Migration ”- E.G. Ravenstein

-including the reasons migrants move -the distance they move -the major characteristics of migration

Most migration is over short distances
Migration occurs in steps
Long-range migrants usually move to urban areas
Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction (although not necessarily

migration.

Four major kinds of push and pull factors: economic, political, cultural, and environmental. - Step Migration - when you have multiple stops from the origin to designated location ● Forced Migration: Refugees
According to the U.N., a refugee is a person who, “owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.”
Internally displaced people (IDP) - force to migrate, but still within national borders
Asylum seeker - person who migrates to another country hoping to be recognized as a refugee ● Obstacles -Immigration is tightly controlled by most countries -Quotas -Brain Drain- a country has problems and the people who can leave do leave -Undocumented immigrations -Guest Workers -Remittances- the money that guest workers sent home to their families and countries of origin ex: Egypt depends heavily on remittances for their economy ● Migration to the U.S.
The three leading sources of U.S. immigrants from Asia are China, India, and the Philippines - In the 1980s, Mexico became the leading source of immigrants to the U.S.
Immigrants in the U.S. are clustered in California, New York, Florida, and Texas.
New immigrants often move to places where family members and friends from their home country have already migrated - chain migration

● History of Immigration to the U.S.

Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain
Two Big Waves
- 1840-1930: W. and N. Europe transitioning to Southern and Eastern European by 1910 - Pre1900s - Irish and Germans - Early 1900s: Italians nd Eastern Europeans
- 1950 - Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining Europeans
  - Asians: China-India 1980s-1990s: Philippines, Vietnam, and South Korea
  - Central Americas and Caribbean Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Demographic High CDR, CBR; Low growth High CBR; Low CDR; Increasing population Lower CBR; Slow-growing population Low CDR, CBR; high population Epidemiological High infectious disease Decrease in pandemics Degenerative disease Delayed degenerative disease Migration Cyclical International emigration; rural to urban Internal immigration; urban to suburbs