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ap world 3.4 History Exam Questions
How did intellectuals believe science showed the world? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ showed that the world was ordered + rational and that natural laws applied to the rational + orderly progress of government + society
List 5 reasons the Gunpowder Empires were unable to maintain rule. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ -unable to compete with European trading companies
-unable to resolve conflicts of heirs motivated by harem policies
-weak or corrupt leadership
-failure to keep up with military and naval technology developments
-religious conflicts
Describe the origins, roles, and mission of both types of soldier: Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire and Ghulams in the Safavid Empire. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ janissaries: preserved power of Ottoman sultan, slaves taken from the Christian areas of the empire, took slaves as devshirme (blood tax)
ghulams: helped protect the Safavid shahs from rival clans, slaves taken from the Georgian, Armenian, or Circassian populations from with the empire, took slaves as tribute/blood tax
Describe the Ottoman - Safavid wars. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ went to eat over territorial claims, religion was an important factor and an underlying cause, Ottomans- Sunni Safavids- Shi'a
Describe the Safavid - Mughal conflicts. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ went to war over control over resources and trade routes in Afghanistan
Describe how China used bureaucracy to control populations. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ civil service examination system (assessed the abilities of scholar-gentry entering the government system)
Describe how the Ottoman Empire used bureaucracy to control populations. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ devirshme system (proved sultan with an already- made pool of civil servants strictly loyal to him)
Describe how the Safavid Empire used bureaucracy to control populations. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ the shah enlisted a class of beaurocrats from the Persian population of the empire
Describe the Ming collection of "hard currency". - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ all taxes needed to be paid in rice, and later silver coins
Summarize how rulers used religion to legitimize their rule. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ references to the successor of the prophet (caliphs), claimed to divine right of Christian God (European), conversion to Islam of Songhai rulers, Aztecs used human sacrifices in religious rituals and tribute system
Summarize how rulers used art to legitimize their rule. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ portraits of Qing emperors and other high officials, Ottoman miniature paintings, European rulers financially supported artists
Summarize how rulers used monumental architecture to legitimize their rule. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ mausolea (Taj Mahal) and mosques in the Mughal Empire, European palaces (Palace of Versailles) in France, and El Escorial in Spain
list 5 reasons the gunpowder empires were unable to maintain their rule: - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ - unable to compete with european trading companies, especially the british
- unable to solve conflicts of heirs motivated by harems politics
- weak or corrupt leadership
- failure to keep up with the developments in military and naval technology
- the expensive armies each empire needed to maintain their control, placed harsh financial burdens on the peasants and villages in form of taxes and other obligations.
describe the origin, roles, and mission of both types of soldier: (janissaries in the ottoman empire and the ghulams in the safavid empire) - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ janissaries in the ottoman empire: they are often slaves taken from the christian areas of the ottoman empire. they helped to preserve the power of the ottoman sultan.
ghulams in the safavid empire: came from georgian, armenian, or circassian populations within the safavid empire. helped to protect the safavid shah from rival clans.
describe the following conflicts (ottoman-safavid wars and safavid-mughal conflicts) - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ ottoman and safavid wars: went to war over the territorial claims each had its border. willing to go to war to split religions.
- incas: organize their empire into a federal system of provinces headed by nobles loyal to the emperor.
how were the aztecs different than other land empires and how did they control their empire? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ they were less centralized and less bureaucratic than other land empires. created a tributary empire and had little/no control over the territory within the region of mesoamerica.
describe the following systems of tax collection: (mughal tax collection, ottoman tax farming, aztec tribute list, and ming collection of "hard currency"). - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ mughal tax collections: mughal emperor appointed tax officers or zamindars to collect taxes from the peasant class based on land and production.
ottoman tax farming: appointed "tax farmers" to pay an annual fixed sum of money for an area to the central government and collected money of gold from residents of that area.
aztec tribute list: tributary empire, main source of revenue that supported aztec noble and military came from yearly offerings or tributes from surrounded areas.
ming collection of "hard currency": issued paper currency as means to facilitate trade and tax collection, however paper money led to hyperinflation. ming then ordered that all taxes should be paid in form of rice and later silver coins.
summarize how rulers used religion to legitimize their rule: - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ - rulers in the islamic empire used references to the title "caliph".
- european monarchs claim to "divine right" that gave the monarch the claim to rule by the christian god.
- conversion to islam of songhai rulers and noble class provides religious and legal structures to the empire.
- aztec use human sacrifice in religious rituals.
summarize how rulers used art to legitimize their rule: - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️
- portraits of qing emperors and other high officials
- miniature paintings in ottoman empire
puritans - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ -offshoot of Calvinism
-wanted to purify the church of English of Catholic remnants
protestant reformation - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ -various reform efforts made by Calvinists to elevate themselves to positions of secular leadership
anglicanism - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ -church that is free of control by the pope in Rome
Henry VIII - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ -ruled 1509-
-set up the Anglican Church w/ the English Parliament's approval
-the last of the 3 major figures of the (protestant) reformation
holy synod - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ -composed of clergymen overseen by a secular office who answered to the tsar
-Peter the Great established this instead of the patriarch
counter-reformation - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ -fight against the protestant attacks by the Roman Catholic Church with a 3-pronged strategy
inquisition - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ -established in the late 12th century to root out and punish nonbelievers
-sometimes used torture (Roman Catholic)
council of trent - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ -1545-
-corrected the Church's abuses and reaffirmed the rituals such as marriage
-improved the education of priests
jesuits - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ -"society of jesus"
-1540, a religious order that opposed the spread of Protestantism
-undertook missionary activity in the Spanish Empire, Japan, and India
peace of augsburg - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ -resulted from conflict between Lutherans and Roman Catholics
-allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran
edict of nantes - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ -issued by Henry IV
-allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith
-provided religious tolerance in France for the next 87 years
What was the main challenge faced by the Roman Catholic Church? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ the Church was subject to corruption
Were efforts to reform the church successful? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ no
What was John Wycliffe's argument and why was he vilified? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ priests were unnecessary to salvation, translated parts of the the Bible into English for believers who didn't understand/read Latin
Who were the Hussites? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ followers of Jan Has In Bohemia who had beliefs similar to Wycliffe's
How did the Catholic Church suffer during the Babylonian Captivity, when the Catholic Church was located in France rather than Rome? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ the captivity gave French rulers greater influence over the Church (ability to decide pope)
What did Martin Luther conclude and what did he object to about the church? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ several traditional church practices violated biblical teachings, sale of indulgences and simony
How did Luther speak out against the Catholic Church? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ he nailed his charges (95 Theses) to the door of a church
Describe Luther's belief of "Sola Fide". - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ faith alone, for the basis of salvation for the Christian believer
Why did the church react harshly to Luther? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ they needed the money these practices generated
Luther's ideas resulted in a split between what? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Roman Catholic Church and Holy Roman Empire
Describe Luther's beliefs about women. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ same direct access to God as men, promoted literacy and had significant family roles (to teach the Bible to children), no opportunity to become leaders
How did John Calvin believe the elect and the predestined should live? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ they were predestined to go to Heaven and ran the community
What was the goal of the Calvinist Puritans? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ they wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic remnants
Calvinists were encouraged to work hard. Why? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ prosperity ostensibly showed that God favored their obedience and hard work
Describe the Inquisition of the counter-reformation. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ established in the late 12th century to root out and punish nonbelievers, sometimes allowed use of torture to achieve its ends, increased use of this strategy during this time
Describe the Jesuits of the counter-reformation. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ undertook missionary activity throughout the Spanish Empire, Japan, and India
Describe the Council of Trent of the counter-reformation. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ corrected the worst of the Church's abuses, reaffirmed the rituals (marriage and other sacraments improving the education of priests), and published use of writings that the Church banned
How was the counter-reformation successful? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Catholicism remained predominant in Western Europe
Why did Charles V give up his rule of the Holy Roman Empire? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ he was discouraged by his inability to stop Lutheranism
Describe the actions of Philip II. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ he took the catholic crusade to the Netherlands and ruled its provinces, he tried to conquer and convert England but was later defeated by their naval powers
What was the result of Europe's religion division? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ frequent wars
What was the result of the Peace of Augsburg? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ churches and inhabitants were forced to practice their state religion, if people wanted to they could move to a different state to practice their preferred religion
How did King Henry IV try to unify France? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ he became Catholic saying Paris is worth conversion, he issued the Edict of Nantes
What was the result of the Edict of Nantes? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ it provided religious tolerance for 87 years
What was the result of the revocation of the edict? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ social and economic effects (ex. many skilled craftsmen left France, taking their knowledge and skillful innovations with them)
What was the result of the thirty Years' War? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ economic catastrophe for most of Europe (widespread famine, starvation, and disease)
List the chosen religion of France, Spain, and Italy after the Peace of Westphalia. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Catholic
What was the result of Akbar supporting Sikhism? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ it became the 5th most popular religion in the world by the 21st century
How did Akbar try to ease tensions between Hindus and Muslims? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ gave Hindus positions in government, exempted Hindus from poll taxes paid by non-Muslims
Describe how Akbar tried to change the Mughal Empire before his death. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ he tried to prohibit child marriage and sati (the suicide of widows by jumping onto the funeral pyres of their husbands), failed in converting his Hindu and Islamic subjects to Din-I Ilani (Hinduism and Islamic beliefs combined)
What did scientific thought represent? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ thinking based on reason rather than faith
What did Francis Bacon challenge with his ideas of empiricism? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ traditional ideas that had been accepted for centuries and replace them with ones that could be demonstrated by evidence
