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AP World History CED Units 3-4 (1450-
Explain how and why various land-based empires developed and expanded from 1450 to 1750. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ 1) Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.
Land empires included the Manchu in Central and East Asia; the Mughal in South and Central Asia; the Ottomans in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; and the Safavids in the Middle East.
Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflicts between states.
Examples of State Rivalries: Safavid-Mughal Conflict; Songhai Empire's Conflict with Morocco
Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ 1) Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.
Examples of Bureaucratic Elites or Military Professionals: Ottoman devshirme, salaried samurai
- Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.
Examples of Religious Ideas: Mexica (Aztec) practice of human sacrifice; European notions of divine right; Songhai promotion of Islam
Examples of Art and Monumental Architecture: Qing imperial portraits; Incan sun temple of Cuzco; Mughal mausolea and mosques; European palaces, such as Versailles
- Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.
Examples of Tax-Collection Systems: Mughal zamindar tax collection; Ottoman tax farming; Mexica tribute lists; Ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency
Explain continuity and change within the various belief systems from 1450 to
- Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ 1) The Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity.
Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ 1) Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire.
Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.
Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.
Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ 1) The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange.
- European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and
malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas.
American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mainly to Europe and the Middle East.
Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves.
Examples of domesticated animals: horses, pigs, cattle
Examples of food brought by African slaves: okra, rice
- Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops.
Explain the process of state building and expansion among various empires and states from 1450-1750. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ 1) Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks. Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long- distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies.
introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems.
Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery from 1450 to 1750. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ 1) Slavery in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions.
- The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes.
Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power from 1450 to 1750. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ 1) Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. Joint-stock companies, influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade.
Examples of Competition over Trade Routes: Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean, Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire
- Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.
Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750.
- Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ 1) The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and labor, including slaves.
The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants.
Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased.
Examples of Increased Peasant and Artisan Labor: Western Europe--wool and linen; India--cotton; China--silk
Explain how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450 to
- Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ 1) Some notable gender and family
Examples of Slave resistance: The establishment of Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil, North American slave resistance
Explain how social categories, roles, and practices have been maintained or have changed over time. - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ 1) Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups' roles in society, politics, or the economy.
Examples of differential treatment of groups in society, politics, and the economy: expulsion of Jews from Spain/Portugal; acceptance of Jews in Ottoman Empire; restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China; varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire
- Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system.
- The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.
Examples of existing elites: Ottoman timars, Russian boyars, European nobility
How did trade develop during the early modern period? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Global network developed, regional trade intensified, brought prosperity to pre-existing networks
How did European travel become so advanced? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Built on work from Asian and Islamic knowledge
What country was Zheng He from and where did he explore? - Correct Answer
✔️ ✔️ China, Indian Ocean
What were Portugal's exploration achievements? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Opened school for navigation, first to West Africa, had a global-trading empire
What were Spain's exploration achievements? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Christopher Columbus explored for Spain, increased Europe's interest in travel
What American cash crops effected the old world? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Sugar and tobacco
What did Europe bring to the Americas? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ fruit trees, grains, sugar, domesticated animals
What did Africa bring to the Americas? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Slaves, okra, rice
How did American foods benefit the old world? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Better nutrition in Europe, Asia, and Africa
How did European colonization, agriculture, and settlements effect the environment? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Deforestation and soil depletion
Where did Islam diffuse to during the early modern period? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Asia and Africa
Where did Christianity diffuse to during the early modern period? - Correct
Answer ✔️ ✔️ Around the world, diffusion and Protestant reformation made Christianity diverse
Where did Buddhism diffuse to during the early modern period? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Asia
What syncretic religions existed in the early modern period? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Vodun in the Carribean, Sikhism in south Asia, cults of saints in Latin America
What movement caused art to flourish in Europe? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ The Renaissance
Where did miniature paintings occur? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Middle East and South Asia
Where did wood-block prints occur? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Japan
Where did post-conquest codices occur? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Mesoamerica
What authors and forms of literature were popular in the early modern period? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Shakespeare, Cervantes, Sundiata, Journey to the West, Kabuki theater
Why were there new ethnic and racial classifications in the Americas? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Massive demographic changes
How did rulers legitimize and consolidate their power? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Arts, religious displays, limited ethnic groups, bureaucratic elites and military control, tribute collection and taxing
What powerful land empires existed in the early modern era? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Manchus, Mughal Empire, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire
What powerful maritime empires existed in the early modern era? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Britain, France
Why did Britain industrialize first? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Access to water, distribution of coal, iron, and timber, improved agriculture, protection of private property, access to foreign resources, wealthy
What are some milestones of industrialization? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Fossil-fuel based machines, factory system invented, spread from Europe to other parts of the world, 2nd industrial revolution in late 1800s
Why did export economies grow? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Demand for raw materials and food rose
How did the industrial revolution effect agriculture based economies? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ They declined
How did the industrial revolution effect foreign affairs? - Correct Answer ✔️
✔️ Encouraged states to look for foreign markets
What areas developed as mining centers for special metals? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Mexico (copper), South Africa (gold and diamonds)
What did Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill support? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️
Laissez-faire capitalism and economic liberalism
How did transportation and communications improve? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Railroads, steamships, telegraphs, and canals created
What were alternate visions of society not based around capitalism? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ Utopian socialism, marxism, anarchism
What countries had their own visions of industrialization? - Correct Answer ✔️
✔️ Japan, Russia, China, Egypt
Which documents influenced resistance against existing political authority? - Correct Answer ✔️ ✔️ American Declaration of Independence, French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
