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Chapter 16 – Worlds of Christendom (Byzantine &
Western Europe)
- The Byzantine Empire: Political heir to Rome; lasted 1,000 years after its fall. Capital at Constantinople, a major trade center.
- Emperor Justinian rebuilt the city (Hagia Sophia) and codified Roman law. Practiced Caesaropapism—emperor ruled both church and state.
- The Theme System: Military provinces under generals who managed both civil and military affairs. Helped recover territory and maintain control.
- The Great Schism (1054): Split between Roman Catholic Church (West) and Orthodox Church (East).
- Western Europe: Charlemagne built the Carolingian Empire. Relied on missi dominici (envoys) to enforce laws.
- Feudalism and Manorialism: Economic system between lords and serfs; military protection for labor and goods.
- The Vikings and Magyars raided Europe but were eventually integrated through Christianity.
- The Church and Monasticism: Monasteries preserved learning, provided aid, and spread Christianity.
Key Terms – Worlds of Christendom
Caesaropapism: System where the emperor ruled both church and state.
Justinian: Byzantine emperor who rebuilt Constantinople and reformed Roman law.
Hagia Sophia: Church built by Justinian, symbolizing Byzantine glory.
Theme System: Military districts led by generals managing civil and military rule.
Charlemagne: Frankish king who united much of Western Europe; first Holy Roman Emperor.
Missi dominici: Royal officials who checked local nobles’ power under Charlemagne.
Magyars: Nomadic raiders from Central Asia who invaded Europe.
Vikings: Norse seafarers who raided and traded across Europe.
Patriarch: Head of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Iconoclasm: Movement to ban religious images in worship.
Monasticism: Religious way of life with vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
The Great Schism: 1054 division between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.
Europe on the Rise
- Holy Roman Empire: Founded by Otto I, crowned by the pope. Popes and emperors often clashed over power (Investiture Controversy).
- Regional Monarchies: France’s Capetians and England’s Normans centralized power. William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066.
- Agriculture: New technologies like the 3-field system, heavy plow, and horse collar increased productivity.
- Urbanization and Trade: Towns expanded; Hanseatic League formed in Northern Europe; guilds regulated trade and crafts.
- Religion and Education: Monasteries expanded education. Thomas Aquinas combined reason and faith.
- The Crusades: Series of holy wars to reclaim the Holy Land. Exposed Europeans to Middle Eastern goods and ideas.
- Reconquista: Christian effort to reclaim Spain from Muslims; completed in 1492.
Key Terms – Europe on the Rise
Holy Roman Empire: Central European empire under German kings, blending church and state.
Investiture Controversy: Conflict over whether the pope or monarchs could appoint bishops.
Hanseatic League: Trade association of northern European cities.
Guilds: Associations regulating trade, quality, and training for specific crafts.
Thomas Aquinas: Scholar who blended Christian faith with Aristotle’s reason.
Reconquista: Campaign to retake Iberia from Muslim control.
Crusades: Religious wars launched to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
Saladin: Muslim leader who recaptured Jerusalem during the Crusades.
Worlds Apart – The Americas & Oceania
- Toltecs: Dominated Mesoamerica after Teotihuacan; capital at Tula.
- Aztecs (Mexica): Settled at Lake Texcoco; capital Tenochtitlan; built chinampas for farming.
- Nomadic peoples from Central Asia who relied on herding and horseback warfare.
- Chinggis (Genghis) Khan united Mongol tribes (1206); built disciplined army organized into tumens.
- Empire stretched from China to Persia; promoted trade and religious tolerance.
- After his death, empire divided into four khanates: Golden Horde (Russia), Ilkhanate (Persia), Yuan Dynasty (China), and Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia).
- Kubilai Khan founded the Yuan Dynasty in China; encouraged trade and foreign visitors like Marco Polo.
- Decline: Overextension, rebellion, and plague led to Ming rise. Later conqueror Tamerlane attempted to rebuild empire.
Key Terms – Nomadic Empires & Mongols
Karakorum: Capital of Mongol Empire.
Yurts: Portable felt tents of nomads.
Shamans: Religious specialists in nomadic cultures.
Khan: Mongol ruler or leader.
Seljuq Turks: Islamic Turks who conquered Byzantines and Abbasids.
Mongols: Nomadic people who created the largest land empire in history.
Chinggis Khan: Founder and unifier of Mongol tribes.
Khubilai Khan: Grandson of Chinggis; ruler of China (Yuan Dynasty).
Yuan Dynasty: Mongol dynasty in China (1271–1368).
Ilkhanate: Mongol state in Persia.
Tamerlane: Turkic conqueror who ruled from Samarkand.
Ottomans: Turkish empire founded by Osman after Mongol decline.
Long-Distance Trade & Travel (1200–1450)
- Trade revived under Mongol peace (Pax Mongolica).
- Silk Road for luxury goods; Indian Ocean routes for bulk trade.
- Major trade cities: Hangzhou, Melaka, Baghdad, Alexandria.
- Marco Polo (Venice) and Ibn Battuta (Muslim scholar) traveled extensively.
- Missionaries: Sufi Muslims and Roman Catholics spread religion.
- Cultural exchanges: Spread of gunpowder, compass, and crops (rice, citrus, cotton, sugarcane).
Key Terms – Trade & Travel
Melaka: Key trading port in Southeast Asia.
Marco Polo: Venetian traveler who described the wealth of China.
Ibn Battuta: Muslim scholar and traveler across Islamic lands.
Little Ice Age: Period of global cooling that led to famine.
Chapter 21 – Crisis and Recovery
- Little Ice Age caused crop failure and famine.
- Bubonic Plague spread via Mongol trade; killed a third of Europe.
- Ming Dynasty restored order in China under Hongwu; Yongle compiled the Yongle Encyclopedia.
- Zheng He’s voyages (1405–1433) displayed Chinese power across the Indian Ocean.
- European state building: France, England, Spain, and Russia centralized power with taxes and gunpowder armies.
- Renaissance: Humanism, art, and new thinking in Italy (Michelangelo, da Vinci, Raphael, Donatello).
