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APEA- Patho Pulm actual solution
The most common cause of croup is: Bordetella pertussis. parainfluenza virus. coronavirus. Haemophilus influenzae. - ans-parainfluenza virus. Results from spirometry testing of a 60-year-old man indicate an FEV1/FVC <70%, 30% FEV1 <80% predicted. Given these results, expected symptoms in this patient would include: shortness of breath and pursed lip breathing at rest. productive cough and dyspnea on exertion. decreased pulses and peripheral edema. bradycardia with tachypnea. - ans-productive cough and dyspnea on exertion.
Findings of FEV1/FVC <70%, 30% FEV1 <80% predicted suggest the presence of moderate COPD. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and dyspnea on exertion. Symptoms of pursed lip breathing at rest, decreased pulses, peripheral edema, and tachycardia with tachypnea suggest severe COPD. Annual influenza vaccination is necessary due to: active immunity. passive immunity. adaptive immunity. antigenic variation. - ans-antigenic variation. Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of pulmonary edema? Foul-smelling, blood-tinged sputum Red or green sputum that contains pus A cough that produces pink, frothy sputum A frequent cough that is dry and nonproductive - ans-A cough that produces pink, frothy sputum Pulmonary edema is a condition in which fluid leaks into the alveolar spaces due to hemodynamic causes such as left heart failure or pulmonary venous obstruction. This obstruction causes microvascular injury or increased capillary permeability, resulting in pink, frothy sputum (hemoptysis).
insufficiency with atrophy, as well as obstructive cirrhosis and hypoplastic gallbladder. An acute hemodynamic consequence of a pulmonary embolism that may cause significant mortality is: pulmonary hypertension. right ventricular failure. pleural effusion. pulmonary infarction. - ans-right ventricular failure. Pulmonary infarction is usually reversible, if caught & intervention is early Inflammation of the bronchioles and trachea that usually follows an upper respiratory tract infection in adults is: asthma. bronchiolitis. pneumonia. acute bronchitis. - ans-acute bronchitis. Which of the following is true about influenza viruses? One type of influenza virus exists.
Influenza viruses are specific to humans. Influenza A viruses cause most human infections. Influenza C is primarily found in animal species. - ans-Influenza A viruses cause most human infections. A highly contagious, acute febrile viral illness of the respiratory tract that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality is: rhinovirus. influenza. norovirus. respiratory syncytial virus. - ans-influenza. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a risk factor associated with: asthma. Crohn's disease. polycystic ovarian syndrome. gout. - ans-asthma. Esophageal acid can produce bronchoconstriction and therefore exacerbate airflow obstruction in patients with asthma.
a methacholine challenge test. bronchoscopy. - ans-spirometry. All patients with altered lung function are evaluated with spirometry, which assesses airflow obstruction with FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second), FVC (total volume forcibly exhaled), and FEV1/FVC ratio. Spirometry defines severity, helps in determining prognosis, and measures response to therapy and disease progression. Whooping cough is caused by: rhinoviruses. adenoviruses. Bordetella pertussis. parainfluenza. - ans-Bordetella pertussis. Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious acute respiratory tract infection caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria. It is characterized by a paroxysmal, intense cough that lasts for several minutes. An 8-year-old girl has experienced acute, self-limiting symptoms of nasal congestion and hoarseness for 2 days. The NP assesses the upper respiratory tract mucosa and identifies transillumination of the sinuses. These symptoms are consistent with:
allergic rhinitis. sinusitis. pharyngitis. the common cold. - ans-the common cold. Which statement about respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is true? Once infected with respiratory syncytial virus, lifetime immunity is established. Respiratory syncytial virus is only a disease of childhood. Premature infants are more likely to be admitted to the hospital for treatment of respiratory syncytial virus. Respiratory syncytial virus has been associated with morbidity and mortality in patients 65 years and older. - ans-Respiratory syncytial virus has been associated with morbidity and mortality in patients 65 years and older. A pediatric patient is being evaluated for complaints of an intense "whooping" cough with posttussive vomiting. Which stage of pertussis is suggested by these symptoms? Catarrhal Paroxysmal Convalescent
Which factor is NOT included in the Virchow triad, which predisposes a patient to pulmonary embolism? Endothelial injury Turbulence of blood flow Hypercoagulability Pulmonary infarction - ans-Pulmonary infarction Symptoms of pulmonary embolism include chest pain, shortness of breath, a cough that may produce bloody sputum, and a rapid heart rate. NextPause Which one of the following cellular elements is NOT involved in the inflammation associated with asthma? Neutrophils Monocytes Eosinophils Mast cells - ans-Monocytes The most common pathogen that causes pneumonia in young adults is:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae. Haemophilus influenzae. human parainfluenza virus. - ans-Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Mycoplasma pneumonia is also called "walking pneumonia" because symptoms may be milder than pneumonia caused by other pathogens. Which of the following statements accurately describes the primary physiologic effect of emphysema? Airway constriction and hyperresponsiveness of the bronchi Hyperplasia and thickening of the brachial wall lining Impedance of airflow due to bronchiole inflammation Air trapping and loss of elastic recoil in the lungs - ans-Air trapping and loss of elastic recoil in the lungs Emphysema is a lung disease characterized by enlargement of the alveolar ducts and air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles. The mechanism by which alveolar walls are destroyed is incompletely understood, but results in air trapping and loss of elastic recoil of the lungs. Cystic fibrosis is:
Inspiratory stridor suggests a laryngeal obstruction, whereas expiratory stridor suggests tracheobronchial obstruction. Biphasic stridor indicates either a subglottic or glottic anomaly. The system that tries to compensate for acute respiratory acidosis is: the cardiac system. the renal system. the gastrointestinal system. the hepatic system. - ans-the renal system. With renal compensation, renal excretion of carbonic acid is increased, and bicarbonate reabsorption is increased. The presence of air or gas in the intrapleural cavity is called: pneumonia. atelectasis. pleurodynia. pneumothorax. - ans-pneumothorax. An incentive spirometer is used to determine: forced expiratory volume in 1 second. peak expiratory flow.
forced vital capacity. partial pressure of oxygen. - ans-peak expiratory flow. A lung disease characterized by enlargement of the alveolar ducts and air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles is: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. emphysema. cystic fibrosis. asthma. - ans-emphysema. The mechanism by which alveolar walls are destroyed results in the trapping of air and loss of elastic recoil in the lungs. A finding NOT associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is: regeneration of epithelial cells lining the alveoli. infiltration of monocytes and T cells on bronchial arterioles. penetration of neutrophils between the vascular structures. proliferation of the bronchiolar epithelium. - ans-regeneration of epithelial cells lining the alveoli. Atelectasis is defined as:
drowning. motor vehicle crashes. sudden unexplained infant death. - ans-sudden unexplained infant death. Sudden unexplained infant death (SUID) is the leading cause of mortality in U.S. infants prior to age 1 year. An exact cause has not been identified. Respiratory control abnormality and deficiency in asphyxial arousal are possible contributors. Inspiratory stridor with croup suggests narrowing of the: bronchioles. supraglottis. larynx. pharynx. - ans-larynx. Inspiratory stridor suggests a laryngeal obstruction, whereas expiratory stridor suggests tracheobronchial obstruction. Biphasic stridor indicates a subglottic or glottic anomaly. Respiratory alkalosis is most commonly caused by: hyperventilation. expiratory wheezing. bradypnea.
chemical exposure. - ans-hyperventilation. Respiratory alkalosis is a primary decrease in pCO2 (hypocapnia) due to an increase in respiratory rate and/or volume (hyperventilation). An Infection of the tracheobronchial tree that causes reversible bronchial inflammation is: upper respiratory disease. bronchitis. tuberculosis. pneumonia. - ans-bronchitis. Bronchitis develops when mucous membranes in the tracheobronchial tree become hyperemic and edematous. This increases bronchial secretions and causes destruction of epithelium-impaired mucociliary activity. In most cases, the infection has a nonbacterial cause. Viral illness is frequently associated with this lower respiratory tract disease. What is the most common virus associated with bronchiolitis? Coxsackie virus Influenza B Respiratory syncytial virus Enterovirus - ans-Respiratory syncytial virus
Humidifiers add moisture to the air, which assists in decreasing coughing and congestion and preventing paroxysmal coughing Chest physical therapy is not recommended for infants. Croup is characterized by: hemoptysis with cough. whooping cough. barking cough. high-pitched cough. - ans-barking cough. Bronchospasm and obstruction caused by swelling and inflammatory exudates become pronounced in the subglottic region, resulting in a barking cough. The influenza virus: may be transmitted before the onset of symptoms. has an incubation period of 7-10 days. is transmitted via skin-to-skin contact. is no longer shed once symptoms begin. - ans-may be transmitted before the onset of symptoms.
The leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children is: human metapneumovirus. respiratory syncytial virus. adenovirus. parainfluenza virus. - ans-respiratory syncytial virus. Mucus production resulting from hyperplasia of the mucous membranes lining the bronchial wall describes: asthma. chronic bronchitis. cystic fibrosis. pneumonia. - ans-chronic bronchitis. A hallmark sign of chronic bronchitis is chronic mucus production resulting from hyperplasia of the mucous membranes lining the bronchial walls. This causes irreversible and progressive airway disease. A 14-year-old boy reports cough and chest tightness during exercise. He is most likely experiencing: bronchostenosis.
