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APPENDIXES
Appendix A: Medical Terminology and
Abbreviations ..................................................
Appendix B: Confusing Drug Names ...............
Appendix C: Top 200 Drugs of 2019 ............... 657
Appendix D: Understanding Drug Information,
Drug Names, and Pronunciations ................
Appendix E: ASHP Statement on the Role of
Health-System Pharmacists in Emergency
Preparedness................................................... 677
Appendix F: Glossary............................................
Manual for Pharmacy Technicians 624
After you have reviewed the meanings of compo- nent parts, read through the common medical terms by body system. Each term is accompanied by its pronun- ciation, definition, and an analysis of term structure.
complete definition of the word: recording the electrical activity of the heart. Tables A-1, A-2, and A-3 include the meanings of many of the most common word roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Familiarity with these components parts will help you understand medical terminology.
Table A-1. Prefixes
Prefix Meaning
a-; an-; ana- no; not; without ab- away from ante- before; forward anti- against auto- self bi- two; double; both brady- slow carcin- cancerous contra- against; opposite dys- difficult; painful ect- outside; out en- within; in endo- within epi- above; upon ex- out gynec/o- woman hemi- half hyper- above; excessive hypo- below; deficient infra- below; inferior inter- between intra- within iso- same; equal macro- large mal- bad; poor; abnormal
Table A-1. (continued)
Prefix Meaning
meta- change; after; beyond micro- small multi- many neo- new non- not oligo- few; less pan- all para- near; beside per- through peri- around; surrounding poly- many; excessive post- after pre- before; in front of primi- first retro- behind; backward; upward semi- half sub- below; under super- above; over; excess supra- above, on top of sym- with syn- together; with tachy- fast tri- three uni- one xero- dry
Medical Terminology and Abbreviations 625
APP A
Table A-2. Suffixes
Suffix Meaning
-ac; -al; -ar; -ary pertaining to -algia pain -blast germ or bud -cele hernia; herniation -centesis surgical puncture -crine to secrete -crit to separate -cyte cell -cytosis condition of cells -desis binding together -ectomy surgical removal; excision -emesis vomit -emia blood -genesis; -genic; -gen origin; producing; forming -globin; -globulin protein -gram record -graph instrument for recording -graphy process of recording -ia; -iac; -ic pertaining to -iasis formation or presence of -ism condition -itis inflammation -ium structure or tissue -lepsy seizure -lysis; -lytic break down -malacia softening -megaly enlargement -metry process of measuring -oid resembling; like -(o)logist specialist in the study or treatment of -(o)logy study of -oma tumor -osis abnormal condition
Table A-2. (continued)
Suffix Meaning
-ostomy creation of an opening -otomy incision into -ous pertaining to -paresis paralysis -pathy disease -penia decreased number -pepsia digestion -pexy suspension or fixation -phagia eating; swallowing -phobia abnormal fear -phonia voice; sound -phoresis carrying; transmission -phoria feeling; mental state -plasty surgical repair -plegia paralysis -pnea breathing -poiesis formation -r/rhage; -r/rhagia bursting forth -rrhea flow; discharge -rhexis rupture -sclerosis hardening -scope instrument for viewing -scopy process of viewing -somnia; somn/o sleep -spasm involuntary contraction or twitch -stasis control; stop -stenosis narrowing -therapy treatment -thorax chest; pleural cavity -tocia; toc/o labor; birth -tripsy crushing -trophy growth; development -tropin nourish; develop; stimulate
Medical Terminology and Abbreviations 627
APP A
Table A-3. (continued)
Root Meaning
gloss/o tongue gluc/o; glyc/o glucose; sugar gonad/o sex glands gravid/a; gravid/o pregnancy gyn/o; gyn/e; gynec/o woman hemat/o; hem/o blood hemangi/o blood vessel hepat/o liver hidr/o sweat hormone/o hormone; an urging on humer/o humerus hydr/o water; fluid hyster/o uterus ile/o; ili/o ileum immune/o protection jejun/o jejunum kal/i potassium kerat/o cornea ket/o; keton/o ketone bodies kinesi/o movement lacrim/o tears lact/o milk lapar/o abdominal wall laryng/o larynx ligament/o ligament lingua tongue lip/o fat lith/o stone lumb/o lower back lymph/o lymph mamm/o; mast/o breast melan/o black men/o menses; menstruation mening/o; meningi/o meninges (membrane) metacarp/o hand bones metatars/o foot bones
Table A-3. (continued)
Root Meaning
morph/o form; shape muc/o mucus my/o muscle myc/o fungus myel/o bone marrow; spinal cord myring/o eardrum narc/o sleep nas/o nose nat/o; natal birth; delivery nephr/o kidney neur/o nerve noct/o; nyctal/o night ocul/o; ophthalm/o; opt/o eye onych/o nail oophor/o ovary or/o mouth orch/o; orchi/o; orchid/o testis; testicle orth/o straight oste/o bone ot/o ear ovari/o ovary oxi oxygen pachy/o thick pancreat/o pancreas par/o; part/o bear; labor; childbirth patell/o kneecap pector/o chest ped children pelv/i pelvis perine/o perineum peritone/o peritoneum phag/o eat or swallow phalang/o finger and toe bones pharyng/o pharynx phleb/o vein phot/o light
Manual for Pharmacy Technicians 628
Table A-3. (continued)
Root Meaning
phren/o mind or diaphragm pil/o hair pneum/o lungs; air pod/o; podi foot presby/o old age proct/o rectum psych/o; psych/i mind or soul pub/o pubis; pubic bone pulmon/o lungs py/o pus pyel/o renal pelvis quadr/i four radi/o radius rect/o rectum ren/o kidney reticul/o a net retin/o retina rhabdomy/o skeletal muscle; striated muscle rheum watery discharge rhin/o nose salping/o eustachian or uterine tube sarc/o flesh schiz/o split semin/o semen septi bacteria
Table A-3. (continued)
Root Meaning
sial/o saliva sinus/o sinus somat/o body sperm/o; spermat/o sperm spher/o round sphygm/o pulse spir/o breathe; breath splen/o spleen spondyl/o vertebra; vertebral column steth/o chest stoma; stomat/o mouth synovi/o joint tars/o ankle bones ten/o; tend/o; tendon/o; tendin/o
tendon
test/o; testicul/o testis; testicle thorac/o chest thromb/o clot thyr/o thyroid gland trache/o trachea tympan/o eardrum urethr/o urethra ur/o urinary tract vas/o; vascul/o vessel ven/o vein xanth/o yellow
Manual for Pharmacy Technicians 630
Cardiovascular System
Term Phonetic Spelling Term Structure Definition
Angiography an”je-og’rə-fe angi/o = vessel graphy = process of recording
An examination of blood vessels via radiographic study Anoxia ə-nok’se-ə an = not, without oxi = oxygen
Without oxygen
Arteriogram ahr-tēr’-e-o-gram arteri/o = artery gram = record
Record (x-ray) of an artery
Arteriosclerosis ahr-tēr”e-o-sklə-ro’sis arteri/o = artery scler/o = hard osis = abnormal condition
Thickening, loss of elasticity, and hard- ening of arterial walls
Bradycardia brad”e-kahr’de-ə brady = slow cardi/o = heart ia = pertaining to
Pertaining to a slow heart rate
Cardiologist kahr”de-ol’ə-jist cardi/o = heart logist = specialist in the study or treatment of
A physician who specializes in diseases of the heart
Cardiomegaly kahr”de-o-meg’ə-le cardi/o = heart megaly = enlargement
Enlarged heart
Cardiomyopathy kahr”de-o-mi-op’ə-the cardi/o = heart my/o = muscle pathy = disease
Disease of the heart muscle
Endarterectomy end-ahr”t er-ek’tə-me end/o = within, in arter/o = artery ectomy = surgical removal, excision
Surgical removal of the inside of an artery
Endocardium en”do-kahr’de-um endo = within, in cardi/o = heart ium = structure, tissue
Membrane lining the cavities of the heart
Hypertension hi”pər-ten’shən hyper = above or excessive tension High blood pressure Hypoxemia hi”pok-se’me-ə hypo = below or deficient ox/e = oxygen emia = blood
Too little oxygen in the blood
Myocarditis mi”o-kahr-di’tis my/o = muscle cardi/o = heart itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the heart muscle
Myocardium mi”o-kahr’de-əm my/o = muscle cardi/o = heart ium = structure, tissue
Heart muscle tissue
Pericardium per”ĭ-kahr’de-əm peri = around, surrounding cardi/o = heart ium = structure, tissue
Lining around the outside of the heart
Tachycardia tak”ĭ-kahr’de-ə tachy = fast cardi/o = heart ia = pertaining to
Pertaining to a fast heart rate
Medical Terminology and Abbreviations 631
APP A
Respiratory System
Term
Phonetic
Spelling Term Structure Definition
Bronchitis brong-ki’tis bronch/o = bronchus itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the bronchi
Bronchoscopy brong-kos’kə-pe bronch/o = bronchus scopy = process of viewing
Process of viewing the bronchi
Dyspnea disp’ne-ə dys = difficult, painful pnea = breathing
Difficult, painful, or faulty breathing
Hypoxia hi-pok’se-ə hypo = deficient or below oxi = oxygen ia = condition of
A condition of deficient oxygen levels
Laryngoscope lə-ring’gə-skōp laryng/o = larynx scope = instrument for viewing
Instrument for viewing the larynx
Laryngospasm lə-ring’go-spaz”əm laryng/o = larynx spasm = involuntary contraction or twitch
Contraction of laryngeal muscles, causing constriction
Pharyngitis far”in-ji’tis pharyng/o = pharynx itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the pharynx
Pneumothorax noo”mo-thor’aks pneum/o = air or lungs thorax = chest, pleural cavity
Air or gas in the chest cavity
Pulmonologist pool”mə-nol’ə-jist pulmon/o = lungs logist = specialist in the study or treatment of
Specialist in diseases of the lungs
Rhinoplasty ri’no-plas”te rhin/o = nose plasty = surgical repair
Surgical repair of the nose
Rhinorrhea ri”no-re’ə rhin/o = nose rrhea = flow, discharge
Discharge from the nose
Spirometry spi-rom’ə-tre spir/o = breathe; breath metry = process of measuring
Measurement of breathing
Stethoscope steth’o-skōp steth/o = chest scope = instrument for viewing
Instrument used to listen to lung and heart sounds through the chest wall Thoracotomy thor”ə-kot’ə-me thorac/o = chest otomy = incision into
Incision into the chest
Tracheostomy tra”ke-os’tə-me trache/o = trachea stomy = creation of an opening
Creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube
Medical Terminology and Abbreviations 633
APP A
Endocrine System
Term
Phonetic
Spelling Term Structure Definition
Adenoma ad”ə-no’mə aden/o = gland oma = tumor
Tumor of glandular tissue
Adrenomegaly ə-dre”no-meg’ə-le adren/o = adrenal gland megaly = enlargement
Enlargement of the adrenal gland
Andromorphous an”dro-mor’fəs andr/o = male morph/o = form, shape ous = pertaining to
Male form or appearance
Endocrinology en”do-krĭ-nol’ə-je end/o = within, in crine = to secrete logy = study of
Study of the secreting glands that comprise the endocrine system
Glucogenic gloo”ko-jen’ik gluc/o = glucose, sugar genic = origin, producing, forming
Giving rise to or producing glucose
Hormonal hor-mo’nəl hormone/o = hormone; an urging on al = pertaining to
Pertaining to hormones
Hyperglycemia hi”pər-gli-se’me-ə hyper = above or excessive glyc/o = glucose, sugar emia = blood
Too much sugar in the blood
Hyperthyroidism hi”pər-thi’roid- iz-əm
hyper = above or excessive thyr/o = thyroid gland ism = condition
Condition of too much thyroid hormone
Hypokalemia hi”po-kə-le’me-ə hypo = below or deficient kal/i = potassium emia = blood
Low blood potassium
Hyposecretion hi”po-sə-kre’shən hypo = below or deficient secretion Abnormally decreased secretion Ketoacidosis ke”to-as”ĭ-do’sis ket/o = ketone bodies acid osis = abnormal condition
Condition of an increased presence of ketone bodies Pancreatitis pan”kre-ə-ti’tis pancreat/o = pancreas itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the pancreas
Polydipsia pol”ĭ-dip’se-ə poly = many or excessive dips/o = thirst ia = condition of
Condition of excessive thirst
Thymoma thi-mo’mə thym/o = thymus gland oma = tumor
Tumor of thymic tissue
Thyroidectomy thi”roi-dek’tə-me thyr/o = thyroid gland ectomy = surgical removal, excision
Surgical removal of the thyroid gland
Manual for Pharmacy Technicians 634
Immune System
Term Phonetic Spelling Term Structure Definition
Autoimmune aw”to-ĭ-mūn’ auto = self immune/o = protection
The disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself Immunocompromised im”u-no-kom’prə-mīzd immune/o = protection compromised
A condition in which the immune system has been compromised by disease or immuno- suppressive agents Leukemia loo-ke’me-ə leuk/o = white emia = blood
A malignant blood disease marked by abnormal white blood cells, or leukocytes Lymphadenopathy lim-fad”ə-nop’ə-the lymph/o = lymph aden/o = gland pathy = disease
A disease state in which lymph nodes are enlarged
Lymphocytopenia lim”fo-si”to-pe’ne-ə lymph/o = lymph cyt/o = cell penia = decreased number
An abnormally reduced number of lympho- cytes
Lymphoma lim-fo’mə lymph/o = lymph oma = tumor
A neoplasm of the lymphatic system
Macrocytosis mak”ro-si-to’sis macro = large cytosis = condition of cells
The presence of large red blood cells
Metastasis mə-tas’tə-sis meta = beyond, after, or change stasis = stop or control
The spread of cancer cells beyond the orig- inal site of the tumor through blood or lymph
Pancytopenia pan”si-to-pe’ne-ə pan = all cyt/o = cell penia = decreased number
An abnormally reduced number of all types of blood cells
Phagocyte fag’o-sīt phag/o = eat or swallow cyt/o = cell
A cell that consumes bacteria, foreign particles, and other cells Septicemia sep”tĭ-se’me-ə septi =bacteria emia = blood
Bacterial infection of the blood
Splenomegaly sple”no-meg’ə-le splen/o = spleen megaly = enlargement
An enlarged spleen
Thymus thi’məs thym/o = thymus gland ectomy = surgical removal, excision
The removal of the thymus gland
Manual for Pharmacy Technicians 636
Gastrointestinal System
Term
Phonetic
Spelling Term Structure Definition
Abdominocentesis ab-dom”ĭ-no-sen-te’sis abdomin/o = abdomen centesis = surgical puncture
A puncture of the abdomen for aspira- tion of abdominal fluid Cholecystectomy ko”le-sis-tek’tə-me cholecyst/o = gall bladder ectomy = surgical removal, excision
Surgical removal of the gall bladder
Cirrhosis sĭ-ro’sis cirrh/o = yellow osis = abnormal condition
Chronic liver condition that causes yellowing of tissues Colonoscopy ko”lon-os’kə-pe col/o = colon scopy = process of viewing
Process of viewing the colon
Dyspepsia dis-pep’se-ə dys = difficult, painful pepsia = digestion
The condition of indigestion, or of painful digestion Dysphagia dis-fa’je-ə dys = difficult, painful phag/o = eat or swallow ia = pertaining to
Pertaining to difficulty in eating or swallowing
Endoscopic en”do-skop’ik end/o = within, in scopy = process of viewing ic = pertaining to
Pertaining to the process of viewing within
Esophagitis ə-sof”ə-ji’tis esophag/o = esophagus itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the esophagus
Gastroenterologist gas”tro-en”tər-ol’ə-jist gastro = stomach enter/o = intestines ologist = specialist in the study or treatment of
Specialist in the study or treatment of the stomach and intestines
Hematemesis he”mə-tem’ə-sis hemat/o = blood emesis = vomit
Bloody vomit
Hepatomegaly hep”ə-to-meg’ə-le hepat/o = liver megaly = enlargement
Enlargement of the liver
Nasogastric na”zo-gas’trik nas/o = nose gastr/o = stomach ic = pertaining to
Pertaining to the nose and the stomach (e.g., a tube that travels from the nose to the stomach) Pancreatitis pan”kre-ə-ti’tis pancreat/o = pancreas itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the pancreas
Sublingual səb-ling’gwəl sub = below, under lingua = tongue al = pertaining to
Pertaining to under the tongue
Medical Terminology and Abbreviations 637
APP A
Urinary System
Term
Phonetic
Spelling Term Structure Definition
Bacteriuria bak-tēr”e-u’re-ə bacteri/o = bacteria ur/o = urinary tract ia = a condition of
The presence of bacteria in the urine
Cystoscope sis’to-skōp” cyst/o = sac or bladder scope = instrument for viewing
Type of endoscope that is used to examine the bladder Glucosuria gloo”ko-su’re-ə gluc/o = glucose, sugar ur/o = urinary tract ia = a condition of
A condition of sugar in the urine
Hydronephrosis hi”dro-nə-fro’sis hydr/o = water, fluid nephr/o = kidney osis = abnormal condition
A condition of urine pooling in the renal pelvis
Ketonuria ke”to-nu’re-ə ket/o = ketone bodies ur/o = urinary tract ia = condition of
Condition of ketone bodies in the urine
Lithotripsy lith’o-trip”se lith/o = stone tripsy = crushing
The crushing of a stone
Nephrectomy nə-frek’tə-me nephr/o = kidney ectomy = surgical removal, excision
Surgical removal of a kidney
Nephrosis nĕ-fro’sis nephr/o = kidney osis = abnormal condition
An abnormal condition of the kidney
Polyuria pol”e-u’re-ə poly = many or excessive ur/o = urinary tract ia = condition of
Condition in which one urinates excessively
Pyelonephritis pi”ə-lo-nə-fri’tis pyel/o = renal pelvis nephr/o = kidney itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the renal pelvis area of the kidney
Ureterolithiasis u-re”tər-o-lĭ-thi’ə-sis ureter/o = ureter lith/o = stone iasis = formation of, or presence of
The condition of having a stone form in the ureter
Urethralgia u”re-thral’jə urethr/o = urethra algia = pain
Pain in the urethra
Urologist u-rol’ə-jist ur/o = urinary tract logist = a specialist in the study or treatment of
Physician who specializes in conditions of the urinary system
Vesicotomy ves”ĭ-kot’ə-me vesic/o = sac or bladder otomy = incision into
An incision into the bladder
Medical Terminology and Abbreviations 639
APP A
The Ears
Term Phonetic Spelling Term Structure Definition
Audiometry aw”de-om’ə-tre audi/o = hearing; sound metry = measurement
Measurement of hearing
Myringitis mir”in-ji’tis myring/o = eardrum itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the tympanic membrane Otorhinolaryngologist o”to-ri”no-lar”in-gol’ə-jist ot/o = ear rhin/o = nose laryng/o = larynx ologist = specialist in the study or treatment of
Specialist in diseases of the ear, nose, and throat
Otalgia o-tal’je-ə ot/o = ear algia = pain
Earache
Otitis o-ti’tis ot/o = ear itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the ear
Otosclerosis o”to-sklə-ro’sis ot/o = ear sclerosis = hardening
A condition of hardening of bone tissue in the ear Presbycusis pres”be-ə-ku’-sis presby/o = old age acous/o = a hearing condition
Hearing loss due to old age
Salpingitis sal”pin-ji’tis salping/o = eustachian or uterine tube itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the eustachian tube in the ear or the uterine tube
Tympanometry tim”pə-nom’ə-tre tympan/o = eardrum metry = the process of measuring
The process of measuring the compli- ance and mobility (conductibility) of the tympanic membrane Tympanoplasty tim”pə-no-plas’te tympan/o = eardrum plasty = surgical repair
Surgical repair of the eardrum
Manual for Pharmacy Technicians 640
The Dermatologic System
Term
Phonetic
Spelling Term Structure Definition
Dermatitis der”mə-ti’tis dermat/o = skin itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the skin
Dermatologist der”mə-tol’o-jīst dermat/o = skin ologist = specialist in the study or treat- ment of
Specialist in the study of diseases of the skin
Epidermal ep”ĭ-der’məl epi = on, upon derm/o = skin al = pertaining to
Pertaining to on the skin
Histology his-tol’ə-je hist/o = tissue logy = study of
The study of tissues
Keratosis ker”ə-to’sis kerat/o = hard osis = abnormal condition
A condition of thickened epidermis
Onychomycosis on”ĭ-ko-mi-ko’sis onych/o = nail myc/o = fungus osis = abnormal condition
Fungal infection of the nail
Percutaneous per”ku-ta’ne-əs per = through cutane/o = skin ous = pertaining to
Through the skin
Sarcoma sahr”ko’mə sarc/o = flesh oma = tumor
Tumor of the flesh
Subcutaneous sub”ku-ta’ne-əs sub = below, under cutane/o = skin ous = pertaining to
Pertaining to below the skin
Xeroderma zēr”o-der’mə xero = dry derm/o = skin
Dry skin
