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APUSH: AMSCO Unit 5 Exam with
correct Answers
manifest destiny - Answer a theme used by a host of supporters of territorial expansion after the term was penned by O'Sullivan; expressed the popular belief that the US had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America Texas - Answer a Mexican province into which the US wanted to push its borders; by 1830, Americans here outnumbered Mexicans by 3:1, and they revolted, turning it into the Republic of Texas and requesting its annexation into the US Stephen Austin - Answer Moses Austin's son; succeeded in bringing 300 families into Texas and thereby beginning a steady migration of American settlers into the vast frontier territory Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna - Answer a general who, in 1834, made himself dictator of Mexico and abolished its federal system of government; insisted on enforcing Mexico's laws in Texas and attacked the Alamo, but was captured and forced to sign a treaty that recognized Texas' independence Sam Houston - Answer led an army that captured Santa Anna; became the first president of the Republic of Texas, and applied to the US government for annexation the Alamo - Answer famous fort in San Antonio, which Santa Anna's army attacked, killing every one of its American defenders. Remember it. John Tyler - Answer President from 1841-1845; a southern Whig concerned by the British's growing influence in Texas, he worked to annex it but his proposal was rejected by the US Senate Aroostook War - Answer the "battle of the maps;" a conflict between rival groups of lumbermen on the Maine-Canadian border which erupted into open fighting, but was resolved in a treaty negotiated by the US Secretary of State--Daniel Webster--and a British ambassador--Lord Alexander Ashburton Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) - Answer resolved conflict of the Aroostook War; in which the disputed territory was split between Maine and British Canada, and the boundary of the Minnesota territory was settled
Oregon territory - Answer a vast territory on the Pacific Coast that originally stretched as far north as the Alaskan border; was claimed by four different nations (Spain, Russia, Britain, and the US) at one point; finally, Britain and America divided it at the 49th parallel, and the US took the southern half James K. Polk - Answer a protege of Andrew Jackson and a Democrat; firmly committed to expansion and manifest destiny, favored the annexation of Texas, reoccupation of Oregon, and the acquisition of California; won the presidential election of 1844 Rio Grande/Nuecco River - Answer the Mexican government insisted that Texas' southern border was on the Nuecco River, but President Polk and his envoy, Slidell, asserted that it lay on the Rio Grande Mexican War (1846-1847) - Answer initiated when a Mexican army crossed the Rio Grande and killed 11 Americans; was fought mostly in Mexican territory by relatively small armies of Americans--took Santa Fe, the New Mexico territory, southern and northern California, and Texas; a military disaster for Mexico, who had no choice but to concede its territories to the US Zachary Taylor - Answer his force of 6,000 men drove the Mexican army from Texas, crossed the Rio Grande into northern Mexico, and won a major victory at Buena Vista Stephen Kearney - Answer a general who--leading a force of under 1,500--took Santa Fe, the New Mexico territory, and southern California Winfield Scott - Answer selected by President Polk to invade central Mexico, his army of 14,000 took the coastal city of Vera Cruz and then captured Mexico City in September 1847 John C. Fremont - Answer backed only by a few dozen soldiers, a few navy officers, and American citizens, overthrew Mexican rule in northern California and proclaimed it to be an independent republic--the Bear Flag Republic Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) - Answer a treaty negotiated in Mexico by American diplomat Nicholas Trist; provided that (1) Mexico would recognize the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas, and (2) the Mexican Cession Mexican Cession - Answer provided that the US would take possession of former Mexican provinces California and New Mexico, and that it would pay $15 million for these, and assume the claims of American citizens against Mexico Wilmot Proviso - Answer a bill proposed by David Wilmot; forbid slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico; passed the House twice but was defeated in the Senate both times; seen by historians as the first round in an escalating political conflict that led to the civil war
railroads - Answer soon emerged as America's largest industry; required immense amounts of labor and capital and gave rise to complex business organizations; the cheap/rapid transportation it provided promoted western agriculture, and united the common commercial interests of the Northeast and Midwest; was a great advantage to the North in the civil war Matthew C. Perry - Answer a commodore sent to Japan to persuade it to open up its ports to trade with America; in 1854, he convinced them to agree to a treaty that opened two Japanese ports to US trading vessels Panic of 1857 - Answer a financial panic that ended the midcentury economic boom; caused a serious drop in prices for midwestern farmers and increased unemployment in northern cities--because the South was less affected, they believed their plantation economy was superior and that continued union with the North was not necessary overland trails - Answer Westward trail route of wagon trains bearing settlers; collective experience; despite contradicting stories, Indian attacks were extremely rare & more helpful than harmful mining frontier - Answer The discovery of gold in California in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the West. (p. 237) farming frontier - Answer In the 1830s and 1840s pioneer families moved west to start homesteads and begin farming. Government programs allowed settlers to purchase inexpensive parcels of land. (p. 237) urban frontier - Answer Western cities that arose as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming. They included San Francisco, Denver, and Salt Lake City. (p. 238) federal land grants - Answer In 1850, the U.S. government gave 2.6 million acres of federal land to build the Illinois Central railroad from Lake Michigan to Gulf of Mexico. (p. 238) "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight" - Answer Political slogan of the Democrats in the election of 1844, which claimed fifty-four degrees, forty minutes as the boundary of the Oregon territory claimed by the United States California Bear Flag Republic - Answer (1846) Short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States.
Kanagawa Treaty - Answer the treaty that Japan made with Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1854 in which Japan opened its doors Four main causes of the civil war - Answer (1) slavery: moral issue in the North, defense/expansion in the south (2) constitutional disputes: nature of federal union and states' rights (3) economic differences: industrial North and agricultural South (4) political blunders and extremism on both sides Free soil movement - Answer did not demand the end of slavery but sought to keep the West a land of opportunity for whites only so that they didn't have to compete with the labor of slaves and free blacks; advocated free homesteads and internal improvements conscience Whigs - Answer opposed slavery; nominated Van Buren for president "barnburners" - Answer antislavery Democrats ridiculed because their defection threatened to destroy the Democratic party popular sovereignty - Answer allowed the matter of slavery in a territory to be determined by a vote of people settled there; Lewis Cass's approach to the issue of slavery Lewis Cass - Answer Democratic senator from Michigan nominated by the Democrats for the 1848 election; proposed the concept of popular sovereignty Zachary Taylor - Answer Mexican War hero who had never been involved in politics and took no position on slavery in the territories; nominated by the Whigs and won the presidential election of 1848 Compromise of 1850 - Answer proposed by Henry Clay; would admit California to the Union as a free state, divide the remainder of the Mexican Cession into two territories-- Utah and New Mexico--and allow the settlers to decide the slavery issue by popular sovereignty, give the disputed lands to new territories in return for the government's assuming of Texas' public debt ($10 million), ban the slave trade in D.C. but permit whites to hold slaves there, and adopt a new Fugitive Slave Law and enforce it rigidly; its passage bought time for the Union Stephen A. Douglas - Answer a young Senator from Illinois who engineered different coalitions to pass each part of the Compromise of 1850 separately Millard Fillmore - Answer Zachary Taylor's Vice President who took office after Taylor's sudden death; a strong supporter of compromise, readily signed Douglas's bills into law Fugitive Slave Law - Answer its passage persuaded many Southerners to accept the loss of California to the abolitionists; its chief purpose was to track down runaway slaves escaped to the North, capture them, and return them to their southern owners
"bleeding Kansas" - Answer what the Kansas territory came to be known as after fighting broke out between proslavery and antislavery gorups vying for control John Brown - Answer a stern abolitionist from Connecticut who led his sons on an attack of a proslavery farm settlement as Pottawatomie Creek, brutally killing five settlers Summer-Brooks incident - Answer incident in which Congressman Preston Brooks-- Senator Andrew Butler's nephew--defended Butler's honor against personal charges made by Senator Charles Sumner (in his speech "The Crime Against Kansas") by beating Sumner over the head with a cane Lecompton Constitution - Answer a proposed proslavery state constitution for Kansas, crafted by the Southern legislature at Lecompton; President Buchanan asked Congress to accept it, but they did not, as many Democrats joined with the Republicans in rejecting it--additionally it was overwhelmingly defeated by the majority of Kansas settlers Dred Scott v. Sanford - Answer a controversial Supreme Court Case in which the Court ruled that (1) Dred Scott had no right to sue in a federal court because, as a person of African descent, the Framers of the Constitution did not intend for him to be an American citizen, (2) Congress did not have the power to deprive anyone of property, and, if slaves were a form of property, Congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory, and (3) that because the Missouri Compromise excluded slavery from some territories, its existence was unconstitutional; this decision increased northerners' suspicions of a slave power conspiracy and induced thousands of former Democrats to vote Republican Roger Taney - Answer Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and a southern Democrat; presided over the Dred Scott case Abraham Lincoln - Answer a successful trial lawyer and former member of the Illinois legislature who challenged Stephen Douglas' campaign for the Illinois Senate seat and was elected president in 1860; a moderate who opposed the expansion of slavery Lincoln-Douglas debates - Answer seven campaign debates held in different Illinois towns, in which the Republican challenger attacked Douglas' seeming indifference to slavery as a moral issue and questioned how he could reconcile popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott decision house-divided speech - Answer a celebrated speech by Abraham Lincoln, reported in the nation's press; in which Lincoln said that the government "cannot endure permanently half slave and half free"
Freeport Doctrine - Answer in which Douglas responded to Lincoln's questions by stating that slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens did not pass and enforce laws (slave codes) in order to maintain it; angered Southern Democrats who believed Douglas did not go far enough in supporting the implications of the Dred Scott decision Harpers Ferry Raid - Answer an attack on the federal arsenal at Harper Ferry led by the fanatical and violent John Brown; he planned to use the guns from the arsenal to arm Virginia's slaves and encourage them to revolt, but his band was captured after a two- day siege and hanged by the state of Virginia election of 1860 - Answer in which Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, was elected as president; the final event that triggered the South's decision to leave the Union Crittenden Compromise - Answer a final attempt to prevent southern secession; proposed an amendment that would guarantee the right to hold slaves in all territories south of the 36 degree 30' line; rejected by Lincoln because it opposed his Republican platform Free Soil Party - Answer Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory. Pottawatomie Creek - Answer In 1856, abolitionist John Brown and his sons attacked this proslavery farm settlement and killed five settlers. (p. 253) secession - Answer the formal withdrawal of a state from the Union Fort Sumter - Answer a fort in the harbor of Charleston, SC which was cut off from vital supplies and reinforcements by southern control of the harbor; its attack and capture by Confederates united most northerners behind a patriotic fight to save the Union executive power - Answer Lincoln's use of his power without congressional approval; he used it to (1) call for volunteers to put down the "insurrection" in the South, (2) authorize spending for the war, and (3) suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus border states - Answer remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War; their loss would have increased the Confederate population by more than 50 percent and would have severely weakened the North's strategic position for conducting the war Confederate States of America - Answer the government of the seceded Southern States; its capital was located at Richmond, Virginia, and it had a strong ideology of states' rights (which hindered its ability to collect money and soldiers from individual states for the war)
Shiloh - Answer at which the Union army was surprised by Confederates, but held its ground and forced them to retreat after terrible losses on both sides Trent Affair - Answer in which a Union warship captured two Confederate diplomats (James Mason and John Slidell), who were on a mission to gain British recognition and aid; Lincoln gave in to British demands to release the prisoners of war Alabama - Answer a Confederate commerce-raiding warship; captured over 60 Union vessels before being sunk off the coast of France by a Union warship laird rams - Answer ships with iron rams which the Confederacy purchased from Britain to use against the Union's naval blockade Confiscation Acts - Answer declared the power to seize enemy property used to wage war against the United States; the second one freed the slaves of persons engaged in rebellion against the US, and empowered the President to use freed slaves in the Union army in any capacity, including battle Emancipation Proclamation - Answer issued by Lincoln in 1863; declared the freedom of slaves in all states outside Union control; also authorized the recruitment of freed slaves as Union soldiers Thirteenth Amendment - Answer amendment to the Constitution which abolished slavery and declared it unconstitutional Gettysburg - Answer at which the bloodiest--and most crucial--battle of the Civil War was fought; there were over 500,000 casualties, and Lee's offensive attempt proved futile Vicksburg - Answer at which Union artillery forced the confederates to surrender the city, giving Union forces full control of the length of the Mississippi (and cutting off Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas from the rest of the Confederacy) Sherman's March - Answer in which General Sherman led a march of 100,000 men on a campaign of deliberate destruction, destroying everything the enemy might use to survive; swept across Georgia and into South Carolina, setting fire to Columbia and breaking the will of the Confederacy election of 1864 - Answer Lincoln won, but General George McClellan--representative of anti-war Democrats--took 45% of the popular vote Appomattox Court House - Answer at which Lee was forced to surrender to Grant on April 9, 1865; final battle of the civil war John Wilkes Booth - Answer an embittered actor and southern sympathizer; on April 4, 1865, he assassinated President Lincoln at Ford's Theater in Washington
Copperheads - Answer opposed the Civil War and wanted a negotiated peace; the most notorious member--Clement L. Vallandigham--was briefly banished from the US to Canada for his "treasonable" pro-Confederacy speeches Ex Parte Milligan (1866) - Answer in which case the Supreme Court ruled that the government had acted improperly in Indiana where, during the war, certain civilians had been subject to a military trial draft riots - Answer the fierce opposition to the Conscription Act; poor laborers feared that, when they returned to civilian life, their jobs would be taken by freed African Americans--an Irish American mob in NYC attacked blacks and wealthy whites in July 1863, killing 117 greenbacks - Answer a paper currency issued by the US Treasury during the Civil War; could not be redeemed in gold (a fact that contributed to inflation) and served merely as legal tinder Morrill Tariff Act (1861) - Answer raised tariff rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers; its passage initiated a Republican program of high protective tariffs to help industrialists Homestead Act (1862) - Answer promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to whatever person or family would farm that land Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) - Answer encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges Pacific Railway Act (1862) - Answer authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of California and the western territories to the eastern states David Farragut - Answer Admiral of the Union Navy during the Civil War. Led the daring attack on New Orleans the led to the Union's control of the Mississippi River. habeus corpus - Answer a legal principle that requires aurthorities to show reasons why a person should be held in custody and to provide a speedy trial insurrection - Answer a violent uprising against an authority or government segregated black troops - Answer Almost 200,000 African Americans joined the Union army during the Civil War. (p. 276) Massachusetts 54th Regiment - Answer An all black regiment in the Civil War. (p. 276)
Radical Republicans - Answer championed civil rights for blacks; many endorsed other liberal causes like women's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks Charles Sumner - Answer the leading Radical Republican in the Senate; from Massachusetts Thaddeus Stevens - Answer Radical Republican in the House of Representatives; hoped to revolutionize southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would be free to exercise their civil rights, would be educated in federal schools, and would receive land confiscated from the planter class Benjamin Wade - Answer a Radical Republican who endorsed other liberal causes, like women's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks Civil Rights Act of 1866 - Answer pronounced all African Americans to be US citizens and attempted to provide a legal shield against the operation of the southern states' black codes Fourteenth Amendment - Answer declared that all persons born or naturalized in the US were citizens; obligated the states to respect the rights of US citizens and provide them with "equal protection of the laws" and the "due process" or law Reconstruction Acts (1867) - Answer took the drastic step of placing the South under military occupation; divided the former Confederate states into 5 military districts, each under the control of the Union; increased the requirements for gaining readmission into the Union Tenure of Office Act (1867) - Answer prohibited the president from removing a federal official or military commander without the approval of the Senate; enacted to protect the Radical Republicans in Johnson's cabinet Fifteenth Amendment - Answer prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude" Civil Rights Act of 1875 - Answer guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited courts from excluding African-Americans from juries; was poorly enforced scalawags - Answer democrats' nickname for southern Republicans carpetbaggers - Answer democrats' nickname for northern newcomers to the south Blanche K. Bruce - Answer a black Senator sent by the South to Congress
Hiram Revels - Answer another black Senator sent to Congress by the South; elected in 1870 to take the Senate seat from Mississippi once held by Jefferson Davis (president of the Confederacy) sharecropping - Answer a system under which the landowner provided the seed and other needed farm supplies in return for a share of the harvest; gave poor people of the rural south the opportunity to work a piece of land for themselves, but they usually remained dependent on the landowners or in debt to local merchants spoilsmen - Answer political manipulators who gave jobs and government favors (spoils) to their supporters Jay Gould - Answer a Wall Street financier; made a huge profit off a scheme to corner the gold market in 1869 Credit Mobilier - Answer an affair in which insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress to avoid investigation of the profits they made from government subsidies for building the transcontinental railroad William "Boss" Tweed - Answer boss of NYC's local Democratic party; masterminded dozens of schemes for helping himself and cronies to large chunks of graft, and virtually stole about $200 million from New York's taxpayers; imprisoned in 1871 Thomas Nast - Answer cartoonist who exposed "Boss" Tweed and brought about his arrest Liberal Republicans - Answer advocated civil service reform, an end of railroad subsidies, withdrawals of troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and free trade Horace Greeley - Answer editor of the New York Tribune, nominated for President by the Liberal Republicans as well as by the Democratic party; lost the election to Grant and died a few weeks after his defeat Panic of 1873 - Answer an economic disaster that rendered thousands of northern laborers both jobless and homeless; overspeculation by financiers and overbuilding by industry and railroads led to widespread business failures and depression redeemers - Answer had different social and economic backgrounds, but agreed on their political program; states' rights, reduced taxes, reduced spending on social programs, and white supremacy Ku Klux Klan - Answer founded in 1867 by an ex-Confederate general, Nathaniel Bedford Forrest; burned black-owned buildings and flogged and murdered freedmen to keep them from exercising their voting rights
