APUSH Unit 1.9 NOTEs, Study notes of Political studies

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APUSH Units 1-9 Notes (Based on Heimler's Full Unit Review Videos)
Unit 1: 1491-1607
Native American Societies Before Contact:
- Diverse societies based on environment (e.g., Plains = nomadic, Northeast = farmers/hunters).
- Matrilineal systems common among tribes.
- Complex trade networks and political structures.
European Exploration Motivations:
- 'Gold, Glory, God'
- New technologies (compass, astrolabe, caravel) made exploration possible.
Columbian Exchange:
- Massive transfer of plants, animals, diseases.
- Europe -> Americas: horses, smallpox, sugar.
- Americas -> Europe: maize, potatoes, tobacco.
- Huge native population declines due to disease.
Spanish Colonization:
- Encomienda system: forced native labor.
- Casta system: rigid racial hierarchy.
- Mission system: spread Catholicism.
Native Responses:
- Some adapted (using horses), others resisted (future Pueblo Revolt).
Unit 2: 1607-1754
Colonial Regions:
- New England: small towns, Puritan religious focus.
- Middle Colonies: diverse, commerce/trade.
- Southern Colonies: plantations, cash crops (tobacco, rice).
Labor Systems:
- Indentured servitude initially common.
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APUSH Units 1-9 Notes (Based on Heimler's Full Unit Review Videos)

Unit 1: 1491-

Native American Societies Before Contact:

  • Diverse societies based on environment (e.g., Plains = nomadic, Northeast = farmers/hunters).
  • Matrilineal systems common among tribes.
  • Complex trade networks and political structures. European Exploration Motivations:
  • 'Gold, Glory, God'
  • New technologies (compass, astrolabe, caravel) made exploration possible. Columbian Exchange:
  • Massive transfer of plants, animals, diseases.
  • Europe -> Americas: horses, smallpox, sugar.
  • Americas -> Europe: maize, potatoes, tobacco.
  • Huge native population declines due to disease. Spanish Colonization:
  • Encomienda system: forced native labor.
  • Casta system: rigid racial hierarchy.
  • Mission system: spread Catholicism. Native Responses:
  • Some adapted (using horses), others resisted (future Pueblo Revolt).

Unit 2: 1607-

Colonial Regions:

  • New England: small towns, Puritan religious focus.
  • Middle Colonies: diverse, commerce/trade.
  • Southern Colonies: plantations, cash crops (tobacco, rice). Labor Systems:
  • Indentured servitude initially common.
  • Slavery grows after Bacon's Rebellion. Relations with Native Americans:
  • Conflicts like King Philip's War (1675). Colonial Government:
  • Town meetings (New England) and House of Burgesses (Virginia).
  • Gradual move toward self-governance. Mercantilism:
  • Colonies provided raw materials to benefit mother country (Navigation Acts).

Unit 3: 1754-

French and Indian War (1754-1763):

  • Britain wins, but heavy debt.
  • End of salutary neglect, new taxes on colonies. American Revolution Causes:
  • Taxes (Stamp Act, Tea Act), lack of representation.
  • Enlightenment ideas (natural rights, social contract). Revolution:
  • Declaration of Independence (1776).
  • Help from France crucial. Articles of Confederation:
  • Weak central government.
  • No power to tax, no standing army. Constitution:
  • Stronger federal government.
  • Bill of Rights added.
  • Compromises (Great Compromise, 3/5 Compromise). Early Political Parties:
  • Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans.
  • Resistance (KKK, Black Codes).
  • End of Reconstruction (Compromise of 1877).

Unit 6: 1865-

Gilded Age:

  • Rapid industrialization.
  • Rise of monopolies (Carnegie, Rockefeller). Labor Unions:
  • Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor.
  • Strikes (Homestead, Pullman). Immigration:
  • 'New' immigrants from Southern/Eastern Europe.
  • Nativism rises. Urbanization:
  • Growth of cities, poor living conditions. Populist Movement:
  • Farmers demand economic reforms (silver coinage, regulation of railroads).

Unit 7: 1898-

Imperialism:

  • Spanish-American War.
  • U.S. gains territories (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico). Progressive Era:
  • Reformers tackle industrial problems, government corruption.
  • Muckrakers expose issues. World War I:
  • U.S. initially neutral.
  • Enters due to unrestricted submarine warfare, Zimmerman Telegram. Roaring Twenties:
  • Economic boom, cultural change.
  • Harlem Renaissance, consumer culture. Great Depression:
  • Stock market crash (1929).
  • New Deal programs under FDR. World War II:
  • U.S. enters after Pearl Harbor.
  • War economy ends Depression.
  • U.S. emerges as world power.

Unit 8: 1945-

Cold War:

  • Containment policy (Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan).
  • Korean War, Vietnam War. Civil Rights Movement:
  • Brown v. Board (1954).
  • Montgomery Bus Boycott, Civil Rights Act (1964). Liberalism:
  • Great Society programs (Medicare, education funding). Social Movements:
  • Women's rights (NOW), LGBTQ activism (Stonewall). Backlash:
  • Rise of conservatism by 1980.

Unit 9: 1980-Present

Reagan Era:

  • Reaganomics: tax cuts, deregulation.
  • Military buildup. End of Cold War: