Download ARDMS- SONOGRAPHY PRINCIPLES AND INSTRUMENTATION Q and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
ARDMS- SONOGRAPHY PRINCIPLES AND
INSTRUMENTATION QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED PASS BRAND NEW 2025
What is the Standard protocol for digital imaging that allows for compatibility and communication between computers, workstations, and network hardware provided by various manufactures of CT, MRI and Ultrasound equipment? - ANSWER ✔️ DICOM - Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine
The spatial pulse length decreases - (^) ANSWER ✔️ with higher frequency
Axial resolution is improved by - (^) ANSWER ✔️ damping ......(because it INCREASES the frequency)
Think SHORT and HIGH! Like Axl Rose from Guns n Roses- just google him.
Lateral resolution is improved by - (^) ANSWER ✔️ decreasing the beam diameter **Tested at point BandE on the phantom
The beam of an unfocused transducer diverges where? - ANSWER ✔️ In the Fraunhofer zone
Reverberation artifacts are a result of - (^) ANSWER ✔️ The presence of two or more strong reflecting surfaces
Recommendations for reducing the potential for bioeffects using the ALARA principal is to - - ANSWER ✔️ Increase receiver gain, decrease output power
What technique can be employed to reduce grating side lobes? - ANSWER ✔️ Apodization, harmonics, subdicing "grate off that Ahs!" think skinny..
Presence of grating lobe and side lobe artifacts are what type of resolution issue? - (^) ANSWER ✔️ Lateral resolution
A technique that uses an ensemble of pulses to improve penetration and contrast resolution - ANSWER ✔️ CE - Coded excitation
If a patient is wheeled over from the ER(other dept.) without an ID band, but is a STAT for r/o DVT- - ANSWER ✔️ Send them back for appropriate identification measures and tagging. Trust NO ONE! Patients Lie/have altered mental status, nurses are rushed. Just send them back for it to be done correctly.
Decreasing the spatial pulse length improves - (^) ANSWER ✔️ axial resolution
How much will a 3.5 MHz pulse be attenuated after passing through 2 cm of soft tissue? - ANSWER ✔️ 3.5 dB (freq /
- x path length cm = total attenuation dB/cm
Which of the following is the role of the pulse? A. voltage generation to drive the transducer B. gain adjustment for the receiver
The attenuation for soft tissue is increased with - (^) ANSWER ✔️ tissue thickness
The acoustic impedance of the matching layer - (^) ANSWER ✔️ can be chosen to improve transmission into the body
What is the first step required prior to starting any procedure? - ANSWER ✔️ Verify Name, DOB, and medical record number. Those are the 3 basic required identifiers every time.
The operating frequency depends on - (^) ANSWER ✔️ the thickness of the crystal. Thickness = 1/2 the wavelength
The period of an ultrasound wave is - ANSWER ✔️ time to complete one cycle (Just like a lady..)
The dynamic range of a system - (^) ANSWER ✔️ is the ratio of smallest to largest power level that the system can handle
The digital imaging system that allows MRI, CT, ultrasound and xray to store images electronically and viewed remotely- - ANSWER ✔️ PACS
Increasing the pulse repetition period - ANSWER ✔️ increases the maximum depth that can be imaged-(decreases PRF) *Includes increasing listening time, thus spaced out pulses, lower frequency.
Ultrasound bioeffects with an unfocused beam are not confirmed below : - (^) ANSWER ✔️ 100 mW/cm^2 spatial peak temporal average (SPTA)
When can an informed consent be revoked? - (^) ANSWER ✔️ at any time
When should ultrasound probes be disinfected? - (^) ANSWER ✔️ Before and after each use. Don't be gross. Clean it like your hands.
Define autocorrelation - (^) ANSWER ✔️ mathematical process that analyzes the change in doppler shift over a short time
Stable cavitation refers to - ANSWER ✔️ microbubbles that oscillate without collapsing with variations in sound pressure
Which is the least likely to cause Bio-effects? A. Power Output B. Thermal Index C. Exam Time D. High-Frequency Transducer E. Mechanical Index - ANSWER ✔️ High Frequency Transducer
Harmonic Frequencies are derived from - ANSWER ✔️ nonlinear or asymmetrical wave propagation
Propagation speed is determined by - (^) ANSWER ✔️ Tissue Medium only - density and stiffness
Which of the following determines the amount of reflection at the interface of 2 dissimilar materials? - ANSWER ✔️ The difference in acoustic impedances
propagation speed formula - (^) ANSWER ✔️ v = fλ
With oblique incidence - (^) ANSWER ✔️ We cannot predict whether sound will reflect or transmit after striking a boundary
When a soundwave strikes a tissue interface with oblique angle of incidence, what other condition must be present for refraction to occur? - (^) ANSWER ✔️ a difference in propagation speeds Refraction is described by Snell's Law
The acoustic impedance of a material is - ANSWER ✔️ equal to the product of density and velocity for longitudinal waves.
What is the average velocity of ultrasonic waves in soft tissue - ANSWER ✔️ 1540 m/s 154,000 cm/s 1.54mm/microsec one mile per second
Convert mm to cm 80 mm =? cm - ANSWER ✔️ move decimal 1 place to the left 80mm = 8 cm
When a soundwave strikes a boundary between two tissues with a normal incidence, what other condition must be present in order for reflection to occur? - ANSWER ✔️ A difference in acoustical impedances
Ultrasound transducers convert - (^) ANSWER ✔️ electrical energy into mechanical energy (acoustic,pressure) and vice versa
The velocity of sound waves is primarily dependent on - ANSWER ✔️ The medium (tissue) and mode of vibration determine propagation speed (aka velocity) Faster in solids, slower in gasses.
Increasing the frequency of an ultrasonic longitudinal wave will result in ______ in the velocity of that wave. - ANSWER ✔️ No change.
Refraction - (^) ANSWER ✔️ The bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another
Rarefaction - (^) ANSWER ✔️ The part of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are far apart
Reflection - (^) ANSWER ✔️ The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a surface through which it cannot pass.
Compression - (^) ANSWER ✔️ The part of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are close together.
Change in direction of the ultrasound beam when passing from one medium to another with a different density and elasticity? - ANSWER ✔️ Refraction
A long near zone can be obtained by - (^) ANSWER ✔️ using a
The level below which signals are NOT processed through an ultrasound receiver system is the - ANSWER ✔️ Threshold, negative or reject level.
Term for signal dynamic range reduction - (^) ANSWER ✔️ compression
Ultrasound system mode that displays an upward displacement from a baseline that is proportional to the strength of the echo - ANSWER ✔️ A^ -^ mode
Methods of restricting dynamic range of the ultrasound signal - ANSWER ✔️ Threshold, rejection, compression.
Type of scan converter used in an ultrasound system = - ANSWER ✔️ Digital scan converter
The fraction of time that pulsed ultrasound is actually on? - ANSWER ✔️ Duty Factor
What system performance parameter can be assessed using a phantom to determine the minimum echo amplitude detectible? - ANSWER ✔️ Sensitivity
The image shape produced by a linear sequenced array real-time transducer - (^) ANSWER ✔️ Rectangle
The major factor in determining the acoustic power output of the transducer is the - ANSWER ✔️ Magnitude of the pulser voltage spike
What 2 scan parameters are used to determine potential for biological effects - (^) ANSWER ✔️ Thermal Index (TI) and Mechanical index (MI)
Which of the following are acoustic variables:
- frequency
- pressure
- propagation speed
- wavelength
- voltage
- intensity
- motion of particles in the wave
- density - ANSWER ✔️ Pressure, particle motion, density
All of the following are True about sound waves EXCEPT:
- they are mechanical
- they are transverse
- they carry energy from place to place
- they generally travel in a straight line - ANSWER ✔️ They are transverse (they are actually longitudinal)
What are the units of a pressure measurement of an acoustic wave? - ANSWER ✔️ Atmosphere (atm), pascals (Pa), millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), pounds/ sq in (lb/in^2)
Waves that exist at the same location and time will combine. What is this called? - (^) ANSWER ✔️ interference
The extraneous beams of ultrasound generated from the edges of individual transducer elements and not in the direction of the main ultrasonic beam are called - ANSWER ✔️ Grating lobes ( aka blurry edges, thus why pics are better in the middle of the screen than the sides. Always use the middle!)
The time from the start of a pulse to the end of THAT pulse _____
Write these in numerical ascending order: nano micro milli centi kilo mega - ANSWER ✔️ 10 to the - 9, - 6, - 3, - 2, 3, 6 power
Specular reflection occurs when - (^) ANSWER ✔️ the reflecting surface is smooth
Refractive index in water is altered when a sound beam passes through it, causing compressions and rarefaction of the water molecules. This is the basis for what technique used to make ultrasound beam measurements? - ANSWER ✔️ Schlieren Photography
Artifacts in parallel, equally spaced lines - (^) ANSWER ✔️ Reverberation
Slice thickness artifact - ANSWER ✔️ Artifactual echoes seen within anechoic structures due to the wide beam width. A
resolution, propagating artifact. Occurs when the beam dimension is greater than the reflector size AKA section thickness or partial volume artifact.
comet tail - ANSWER ✔️ Sound wave between two very closely spaced reflectors that merge and generate a series of closely spaced, discrete echoes · usually caused by small calcifications / metal objects /air bubbles *more often when the reflectors are located in a medium with high propagation speed
Highly attenuating structure or reflective structure causes what posterior artifact? - (^) ANSWER ✔️ Posterior shadowing
An increase in reflection amplitude from reflectors that lie behind a weakly attenuating structure is called - (^) ANSWER ✔️ enhancement
The amount of dispersion in the far field of an ultrasound beam can be decreased by - (^) ANSWER ✔️ A Larger diameter transducer
Axial (longitudinal) resolution is directly dependent on - ANSWER ✔️^ Spatial pulse length
Various terms for axial resolution = - (^) ANSWER ✔️ LARRD= Longitudinal, Axial , Range, Radial or Depth resolution.
What cannot be evaluated by the AIUM test object (phantom)? *Multiple ANSWER ✔️ s - ANSWER ✔️ Gray scale, Dynamic range, attenuation, and scattering characteristics
Scanning a Phantom from multiple sides could be used to check - ANSWER ✔️ Registration
Cavitation that causes highly localized temperature elevation up to 10, 000 degrees kelvin - ANSWER ✔️ Transient - (unstable) microbubbles that collapse and heat rapidly up to 10k degrees kelvin
Synthetic Crystals that possess and exhibit the piezoelectric effect
- ANSWER ✔️ Barium titanate Ammonium dihydrogen Lithium Sulfate Lead Metaniobate Lead Zirconate Titanate
Piezoelectric element that is used for MSK ( >18MHz) - ANSWER
✔️ Quartz
What would not make good acoustic insulators for PW transducer backing material? cork air rubber epoxy resin Tungsten powder - ANSWER ✔️ Air. Water is also not a good backing material for PW ultrasound. CW and therapeutic ultrasound does not use backing material
IN CW ultrasound which of the following intensities are equal? SPTP=SATP SATP=SPTP SATA=SATP SPTP=SPPA - ANSWER ✔️ SATA = SATP and inversely SPTP=SPTA
Sound below 20 Hz is called ______________ - (^) ANSWER ✔️ infrasound
Sound above 20,000 Hz is called______________ - ANSWER ✔️^ ultrasound^ -^ aka 20kHz , or 2Mhz
Sound between 20hz and 20kHz is called - (^) ANSWER ✔️ Audible sound
Perpendicular angle of incidence - (^) ANSWER ✔️ Normal incidence.
Acoustic impedance formula - (^) ANSWER ✔️ acoustic impedance (rayls) = density(kg/m) × propagation speed(m/s)
Curie point - (^) ANSWER ✔️ the temperature above which a material loses its magnetic properties.
The frequency of CW ultrasound is equal to - ANSWER ✔️ the frequency of the electric voltage that drives the piezoelectric crystal
Hertz (Hz) - ANSWER ✔️ cycles or waves per second, a measurement of frequency
What is a Transducer - (^) ANSWER ✔️ A device that converts energy from one form to another Examples: human, battery, light bulb, speaker.
When constant electrical voltage is applied across the thickness of a piezoelectric crystal, the crystal will - (^) ANSWER ✔️ increase or decrease in size depending on the voltage polarity
The abbreviation 5 MHz denotes - (^) ANSWER ✔️ 5 Million Hz or 5 Million cycles per second
Which part of the image was corrected by making it darker? - ANSWER ✔️ TGC^ -^ Near gain is darker, Fresnel zone. Far field is lighter, Fraunhofer zone.
What unit is the abdominal circumference measured in? - ANSWER ✔️ mm and cm (**Area is cm squared and volume is cm cubed. )
Implementation of Apodization in an US system requires - ANSWER ✔️ Different voltage to each individual element- to reduce grating lobes
What are the parts of a transducer? I A= I [ * ] B= [ ] C= * D= ---- E = F = >
What angle of interrogation produces no (likely) doppler shift - ANSWER ✔️ 90 degrees. (the cosine for 90 is zero)
>{----}...E - ANSWER ✔️ A. Cord/connector B. Plastic case C. Backing material/damping D. piezoelectric element E. matching layer F. electrode
Subdicing - ANSWER ✔️ dividing the piezoelectric elements into very small pieces to reduce grating lobes dice = divide
What is the wavelength of 3MHz in normal tissue? - (^) ANSWER ✔️ 3MHZ= 0.51 mm 2MHZ = 0.77mm 1MHZ = 1.54mm
wavelength formula - (^) ANSWER ✔️ velocity/frequency
Spatial Pulse Length (SPL) = - (^) ANSWER ✔️ Wavelength x number of cycles in a pulse
Power is proportional to - (^) ANSWER ✔️ amplitude²
intensity = - (^) ANSWER ✔️ power/area
Bandwidth and pulse length relationship is - (^) ANSWER ✔️ Opposite! If pulse length decreases, bandwidth increases and vice versa!
If bandwidth increases, Q factor - (^) ANSWER ✔️ decreases. (And pulse length is decreased- see previous card)
