Understanding Artificial Intelligence: Capabilities and Applications, Exercises of Computer Science

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Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence

 Can you list the items in this picture?  A computer might have trouble identifying the cat in this picture

Artificial Intelligence

 The very idea of Artificial Intelligence; “ For as long as people have made machines, they have wondered whether machines could be made intelligent” For example, writing a program to pick out objects in a picture.

What is Intelligence?

 The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and analogies, learn from experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”. Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently , in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.

Goals of AI

 To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.  To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that understand, learn, and behave like humans.

Applications of AI

Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the computer. For example,  Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored portrait made by forensic artist. Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc. Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.

Applications of AI

Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.

Real Life Applications of AI Research Areas

 Expert Systems Examples − Flight-tracking systems, Clinical systems.  Natural Language Processing Examples: Google Now feature, speech recognition.  Neural Networks Examples − Pattern recognition systems such as face recognition, character recognition, handwriting recognition.  Robotics Examples − Industrial robots for moving, spraying, painting, precision checking, drilling, cleaning, coating, carving, etc.

What are Agent and Environment?

An agent is anything that can perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon that environment through effectors/actuators.  A human agent has sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin parallel to the sensors, and other organs such as hands, legs, mouth, for effectors.  A robotic agent replaces cameras and infrared range finders for the sensors, and various motors and actuators for effectors.  A software agent has encoded bit strings as its programs and actions.

PEAS

Example: Agent = taxi driver Performance measure: Safe, fast, legal, comfortable trip, maximize profits Environment: Roads, other traffic, pedestrians, customers Actuators: Steering wheel, accelerator, brake, signal, horn Sensors: Cameras, sonar, speedometer, GPS, odometer, engine sensors, keyboard

Turing Test

The success of an intelligent behavior of a system can be measured with Turing Test. Two persons and a machine to be evaluated participate in the test. Out of the two persons, one plays the role of the tester. Each of them sits in different rooms. The tester is unaware of who is machine and who is a human. He interrogates the questions by typing and sending them to both intelligences, to which he receives typed responses. This test aims at fooling the tester. If the tester fails to determine machine’s response from the human response, then the machine is said to be intelligent.

What are Expert Systems?

The expert systems are the computer applications developed to solve complex problems in a particular domain, at the level of extra-ordinary human intelligence and expertise. Characteristics of Expert Systems  High performance  Understandable  Reliable  Highly responsive

Robotics

The term robot implies a device, often humanlike in form, that has the ability to gather sensory information from its surroundings and to autonomously (i.e., without direct human instructions) perform mechanical actions of some sort in response. Robotics is a branch of AI, which is composed of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Computer Science for designing, construction, and application of robots.  Robots are the artificial agents acting in real world environment.  Robotics is a domain in artificial intelligence that deals with the study of creating intelligent and efficient robots.