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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Nguyen Dang Khanh Hang Student ID GCD Class GCD1103 Assessor name Tran Trong Minh Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Khanh Hang Grading grid P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D
❒ Summative Feedback: ❒ Resubmission Feedback: Grade: Assessor Signature: Date: Lecturer Signature:
b. Routers: ....................................................................................................................................................................... 14
- Networking devices: ................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.1 Gateway: ................................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.2 Firewall: ................................................................................................................................................................... 15 2.Types of servers: ........................................................................................................................................................... 15 2.1 DHCP server: .......................................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 DNS server: ............................................................................................................................................................. 15 SECTION 4: DISCUSS THE INTER-DEPENDENCE OF WORKSTATION HARDWARE WITH RELEVANT NETWORKING SOFTWARE ............................................................................................................................................... 16
- Inter-dependence: ....................................................................................................................................................... 16
- Workstation hardware: ............................................................................................................................................. 16
- Netwoking software: .................................................................................................................................................. 16 The interdependence of the workstation hardware and networking software: ........................ 16 INTRODUCTION: The CEO of the company, Mr. Nguyen, has asked you to investigate and explain networking principles, protocols and devices and submit a report.
SECTION 1: DICUSS THE BENEFITS AND CONSTRAINTS OF DIFFERENT NETWORK TYPES AND
STANDARDS:
1. Network ✓ Definition: A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other devices that are linked to facilitate data exchange. The Internet, which links millions of people worldwide, is an example of a network. The image on the right shows an example of a home network with many PCs and other network devices all connected. 2. Types of network: 2.1. MAN − Definition: A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that connects computers within a metropolitan area, which can be a single large city, a collection of cities and towns, or any given large area with multiple buildings. A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than a wide area network (WAN) − Advantages: - It can send data in both directions simultaneously - It increases data transmission speed while improving data handling efficiency - It allows for the cost-effective use of shared resources such as printers. − Disadvantages: - These networks must be set up by knowledgeable technicians and network administrators. - The deployment and administration expenses of this network are greater than those of a local area network. •This network is difficult to administer since it is comprised of several local area networks. 2.2. WAN − Definition: A wide area network (also known as WAN) is a big information network that is not restricted to a single place. Through a WAN provider, WANs may permit communication, information exchange, and much more between devices all over the world. − Advantages: - Increase efficiency. - Share information over a wide area.
− Purpose: In essence, it enables interconnected devices to communicate with one another despite any differences in their internal workings, organizational structures, or aesthetics. 3.2 Common protocols a. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol − TCP is a transport layer protocol that uses sequenced acknowledgement to offer a reliable stream delivery and virtual connection service to applications. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, as it needs programs to establish a connection before data can be sent. TCP provides substantial error checking through flow control and data acknowledgment. TCP ensures data sequencing, which means that data packets arrive at the receiving end in the correct sequence. TCP allows for the retransmission of lost data packets. b. IP: Internet Protocol − An IP address is a one-of-a-kind identifier for a device on the internet or a local network. IP is an abbreviation for "Internet Protocol," which is a collection of rules that governs the format of data transferred over the internet or a local network. IP addresses, in essence, are the identifiers that allow information to be exchanged between network devices: they contain location information and make equipment available for connection. The internet requires a method to distinguish between various computers, routers, and webpages. IP addresses enable this and are a critical component of how the internet operates. b. HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol − HTTP is an application layer protocol that is commonly used in distributed, collaborative, and hypermedia information systems. It operates on a client-server architecture, with the web browser serving as the client. HTTP is used to transfer data such as text, images, and other multimedia files across the World Wide Web. As a request and response protocol, the client sends a request to the server, which the server then processes before returning a response to the client. c. DNS: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol − The DNS protocol aids in the translation of host names to IP addresses. DNS operates on a client-server approach and employs a distributed database dispersed over a hierarchy of name servers. IP addresses are used to identify hosts, although remembering an IP address is challenging owing to its complexity. IP addresses are also dynamic, making it even more
important to map domain names to IP addresses. DNS assists in resolving this issue by turning website domain names into numerical IP addresses. d. DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol − DHCP is a communication technology that allows network managers to automate IP address assignment in a network. Every device connected to the internet in an IP network requires a unique IP address. DHCP allows network administrators to distribute IP addresses from a central location and automatically deliver a new IP address when a device connects from a different location on the network. DHCP is a client-server protocol. e. ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol − ICMP is a network layer protocol that network devices utilize to deliver error messages and operational data. ICMP messages sent in IP packets are used for out-of-band messages about network functioning or failure. ICMP is used to broadcast network failures, congestion, and timeouts, as well as to help with debugging. ➢ List the international standard organizations and the name of the standards in networking:
- International Standards Organization (ISO)
- International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
- Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers (IEEE)
- American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
- Internet Research Task Force (IETF)
- Electronic Industries Association (EIA) **SECTION 2 : EXPLAIN THE IMPACT OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY, COMMUNICATION AND BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS:
- TOPOLOGIES 1.1 Network topology** − Definition: Network topology refers to how various nodes, devices, and connections on your network are physically or logically arranged in relation to each other
− Advantages: Mesh topologies are dependable and stable, and the network's high degree of interconnectivity makes it resistant to failure. For example, no single device can take the network offline. − Disadvantages: Mesh topologies are extremely time-consuming. Each interconnection between nodes necessitates the deployment of a cable and configuration, which can be time- consuming. Cabling costs quickly add up in mesh networks, as it does in other topology structures, and to say they require a b. Stars Topology: − Definition: The most popular network architecture is a star topology, which is designed so that every node in the network is directly connected to one central hub through coaxial, twisted-pair, or fiber-optic cable. As a server, this central node supervises data transmission (information received from any node on the network must travel through the central one to reach its destination) and serves as a repeater, which aids in data loss prevention. − Advantages:
- Centralized network: By employing a centralized computer, hub, or switch, centralized management aids in network monitoring.
- User-friendly: Star topology allows for the simple addition of new nodes without disrupting the network as a whole. Components may be removed similarly quickly. To maintain your production levels, it is therefore simple to add a second computer to the network and to swap out a broken machine.
- Extremely reliable: Even if one cable or piece of equipment breaks, the others will still function. Therefore, the network as a whole is unaffected by the failure of a single node or link.
- Extremely effective: Since each device uses a cable to link to the central core, similar to a star topology, the likelihood of data collisions is quite low. This also implies that, in comparison to other network architectures, this system's performance levels are extraordinarily high.
- Easily manageable: Simple defect detection since it is frequently simple to identify the relationship. Detecting the issue and fixing it are both simple processes.
- Safe to use: A severed cable or NIC failure in a star topology will only impact one node. The central core must then be turned off in order to deactivate all of the devices at once. It is a safe and secure network that organizations of any size may use to satisfy their requirements because the central device is not readily accessible to everyone.
− Disadvantages:
- Expensive: Using a switch or router as the central network device may result in a higher cost.
- Everything is dependent on the central device: The central network device determines the network's performance and the number of nodes it can support.
- Highly dependent on the central device: If the hub fails, everything fails because none of the devices can function without one. The disadvantage is that if the central device fails, the entire network fails.
- High maintenance: Because the hub is the star's central system, it necessitates more resources and regular maintenance.
- Prone to damage: The cables or wires used in a star topology network expose the network to more potential damage. To reach the intended workstations or peripherals, it must travel behind walls, under floors, and through other obstacles. Furthermore, if the LAN requires installation work on the building's exterior, it may be vulnerable to changing weather conditions or wildlife impacts.
- Wireless systems have low data transfer rates: If you need a network that can handle a high load, a wired star topology system is preferable to a wireless one. A wireless LAN (WLAN) moves much slower, increasing the possibility of a bottleneck. c. Bus Topology − Definition: A bus topology directs all network devices along a single cable running in a single direction from one end of the network to the other, which is why it's also known as a "line topology" or "backbone topology." Data flow on the network also follows the cable's path, moving in only one direction. − Advantages: − Disadvantages: d. Ring − Definition: Ring topology is the arrangement of nodes in a circle (or ring). The data can travel in either direction or both directions through the ring network, with each device having exactly two neighbors. − Advantages:
- Execution: Execution allows you to create a ring topology network with less effort. Without a specific number, devices can be arranged one after the other. There are no restrictions on
− Disadvantages:
- The health of the root node in a tree topology structure is similar to that of the star topology. If the central hub fails, the various node branches will become disconnected, though connectivity between branch systems will remain.
- Because of the network's hierarchical complexity and linear structure, adding more nodes to a tree topology can quickly become an unwieldy, not to mention costly, experience. Tree topologies are costly due to the massive amount of cabling required to connect each device within the hierarchical layout. f. Hybrid − Definition: Hybrid topologies combine two or more different topology structures; for example, the tree topology combines the bus and star layouts. Hybrid structures are most common in larger organizations where individual departments have personalized network topologies tailored to their needs and network usage. − Advantages: The main benefit of hybrid structures is the degree of flexibility they provide, as there are few network structure limitations that a hybrid setup cannot accommodate. − Disadvantages: However, each network topology has its own set of drawbacks, and as a network grows in complexity, so does the experience and know-how required of administrators to keep everything running smoothly. When designing a hybrid network topology, the **2. COMMUNICATION AND BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS:
- Network communication:** − Definition: A communication network is a pattern or form that is used in an organization to effectively communicate information. The communication network is the established system in which messages can flow in one or more directions within the organization depending on the requirements. The communication network is useful in determining the speed, accuracy, and smoothness with which messages flow throughout the organization. ➢ The rules in the network
- Principle 1: Understand the user need: ✓ Understand your basic network requirements. ✓ Design networks for a roaming user base. ✓ Design services to be accessed wider than your own department ✓ Design for organizations who share a site to share the site’s network. ✓ Be able to support your users.
- Principle 2: Use services to protect your data, do not rely on the network. ✓ Recognize the danger. ✓ Design service protection as close to the service as possible. ✓ Publish routes by default. ✓ Encrypt without compromising performance. ✓ Protect your networks. ✓ Layer your security.
- Principle 3: Design for interworking and flexibility. ✓ Use open standards. ✓ Maximize use of commoditized services. ✓ Consolidate use of data networks and migrate to IP based technologies. ✓ Publish DNS names. ✓ Join up to provide resilience. 2.2. Bandwidth: − Definition: Bandwidth is a measurement of how quickly a computer downloads data and determines the speed of the computer’s internet connection. ➢ Bandwidth requirement: Bandwidth is highly significant for determining how fast a web page loads on a browser. In fact, it is also one of the essential things to consider while you’re choosing a platform for web hosting. The bandwidth can be significantly affected by the website and the internet connection used for accessing it. Generally, a website loaded with heavy graphics will need higher bandwidth of 10 gigs or more. Similarly, a simpler website will require comparatively lesser bandwidth. Just as fast internet connection allows you to download web pages and videos flawlessly, higher bandwidth will effectively improvise the user experience and let your users avail the very best from your website. SECTION 3: DISCUSS THE OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF NETWORKING DEVICES AND SERVER TYPES: ➢ How networking devices operate in a network:
1. Networking devices: 1.1 Gateway:
- A gateway is a piece of hardware that serves as a "gateway" between two networks. It could be a router, firewall, server, or another device that allows network traffic to flow in and out. A gateway not only protects the nodes in the network, but it is also a node. The gateway node is considered to be on the network's "edge" because all data must pass through it before entering or leaving the network. It may also translate data received from external networks into a format or protocol recognized by internal network devices. 1.2 Firewall:
- A firewall serves as a sort of gatekeeper. It monitors attempted access to your operating system and blocks unwanted traffic or unknown sources. A firewall is a type of filter that sits between your computer and another network, such as the internet. Consider a firewall to be a traffic controller. It assists in the protection of your network and information by managing network traffic. This includes blocking unsolicited incoming network traffic and validating access by scanning network traffic for malicious elements such as hackers and malware. 2.Types of servers: 2.1 DHCP server:
- DHCP has an automatic configuration function. As a result, device network connection speeds are faster. Aids in the scientific management of IP addresses, the avoidance of overlapping IP situations, and the improvement of network stability. IP addresses and TCP/IP parameters can be easily managed via stations. To upgrade the infrastructure, network administrators can change the configuration and IP parameters as needed. Allow devices to move between networks and automatically obtain new IP addresses. 2.2 DNS server:
- By specifying authoritative servers for each domain, the DNS Server is in charge of assigning domain names and mapping names to IP addresses. Assigned name servers are in charge of their own domain names and may assign proprietary other nameservers to subdomains.
SECTION 4: DISCUSS THE INTER-DEPENDENCE OF WORKSTATION HARDWARE WITH
RELEVANT NETWORKING SOFTWARE
1. Inter-dependence: − Meaning: Interdependent networks is a subfield of network research that investigates how complex network interactions affect one another. However, there are numerous network interactions depending on the situation when nodes in one network require assistance from nodes in the other network. Because the food layer is what creates dependent species that rely on one another when they engage in various food webs, the example of the network's interdependence is very similar to the concept of a live ecological network. 2. Workstation hardware: − Definition: A workstation (WS) is a computer that is dedicated to a single user or group of users doing business or professional work. It has one or more high-resolution displays and a processor that is faster than that of a personal computer (PC). A workstation can also perform more tasks because it has more random access memory (RAM), drives, and drive capacity. A workstation may also have faster graphics adapters and more peripherals connected. 3. Netwoking software: − Definition: Network software is a critical component of any networking system. It assists administrators and security personnel in reducing network complexities as well as managing, monitoring, and better controlling network traffic. Network software is essential for managing network infrastructure and simplifying IT operations by enabling communication, security, content, and data sharing. ➢ The interdependence of the workstation hardware and networking software: The PC's brain is hardware, and many businesses are software-based. Software and hardware are used to support server management systems. Because hardware and software are hardware-dependent, they complement each other, and software can be interpreted in a unique way. PC hardware, both software and hardware, is useless for any application. The program cannot be used in the absence of a hardware unit. Will work together on hardware and software. The distinguishing program can be stacked on hardware to handle unexpected work. The capability of computer hardware. All of the elements complement one another and cannot function independently.
