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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Student ID Class Assessor name Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Grading grid
P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D
Summative Feedback: Resubmission Feedback:
Grade: Assessor Signature: Date: Lecturer Signature:
- WEB SERVER: ............................................................................................................................................... 25
- EMAIL SERVER: ........................................................................................................................................... 25
- DNS SERVER:................................................................................................................................................ 26
- DHCP SERVER: ............................................................................................................................................. 26
- FTP SERVER: ................................................................................................................................................. 27 E. DISCUSS THE INTER-DEPENDENCE OF WORKING HARWARE WITH RELEVANT NETWORKING SOFTWARE: .............................................................................................................................................................. 27 I. WORKSTATION HARDWARE: ....................................................................................................................... 27 II. NETWORKING SOFTWARE: .......................................................................................................................... 29 III. INTER-DEPENDENCE BETWEEN WORKSTATION HARDWARE AND NETWORKING SOFTWARE: ................................................................................................................................................................................. 30 F. CONCLUSION: ...................................................................................................................................................... 30 G. REFERENCES: ...................................................................................................................................................... 31
- A. INTRODUCTION: Table of Contents
- I. NETWORK TYPE:................................................................................................................................................
- LAN:
- MAN:.................................................................................................................................................................
- WAN:
- WLAN:
- II. NETWORK STANDARDS:
- TCP/IP AND OSI:
- HTTP:
- DNS:
- III. NETWORKING STANDARD ORGANIZATIONS:
- REQUIREMENTS: C. EXPLAIN THE IMPPACT OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY, COMMUNICATION AND BANDWIDTH
- I. NETWORK TOPOLOGY:
- MESH:
- STAR:
- BUS:
- RING:
- TREE:
- HYBRID:.........................................................................................................................................................
- II. COMMUNICATION AND BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS:
- COMMUNICATION:
- BANDWIDTH:
- D. DISCUSS THE OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF NETWORKING DEVICES AND SERVER TYPES:
- I. NETWORK DEVICES:
- ROUTER:
- SWITCH:.........................................................................................................................................................
- GATEWAY:
- HUB:
- II. SERVER TYPES:
- Figure 1:LAN Network Diagram. Table of figures:
- Figure 2:MAN diagram.
- Figure 3:WAN diagram.
- Figure 4:WLAN diagram.
- Figure 5: TCP/IP and OSI
- Figure 6: Comparison Chart of Physical and Logical topology.
- Figure 7:Partially Connected Mesh Topology.
- Figure 8: Fully Connected Mesh Topology..................................................................................................
- Figure 9: Star Topology Diagram.................................................................................................................
- Figure 10: Bus Topology Diagram.
- Figure 11: Ring Topology Diagram.
- Figure 12: Tree Topology Diagram.
- Figure 13: Hybrid Topology Diagram.
- Figure 14: Bandwidth.
- Figure 15: Router.
- Figure 16: Switch.
- Figure 17: Example of MAC table
- Figure 18: Gateway.
- Figure 19: HUB.
- Figure 20: DNS example.
- Figure 21: DHCP example.
- Figure 22: CPU
- Figure 23: ROM
- Figure 24: RAM
- Figure 25: NIC.
- Figure 26: Networking software.
- Figure 27: OS example
- Figure 28: Web Server/Client.
There are some pros and cons of LAN (Jahejo, 2019): Advantages:
- Resource Sharing: LAN asset resource, for example, computer resources such as printers, scanners, modems, DVD-ROM drives, and hard disks that can be shared within the connected devices. This lessens cost and hardware buys.
- Software Applications Sharing: In a Local Area Network, it is not difficult to utilize similar software in a few computers connected to a network as opposed to buying them independently software for every customer a network.
- Easy and Cheap Communication: Data and messages can without much of stretch be imparted to the next computer connected to the network.
- Centralized Data: The data of all network clients can be stored on a hard disk of the central/server computer. This assists clients with utilizing any computer in a network to get to the necessary data.
- Data Security: Since data is put away on the server computer, it will not be difficult to oversee data in just one spot and the data will be safter as well.
- Internet Sharing: Local Area Network gives the office to share a single internet connection between all the LAN clients. In school labs and internet cafes, a single internet connection is utilized to give internet to all connected computers. Disadvantages:
- High Setup Cost: The underlying arrangement expenses of installing Local Area Network is high in light of the face that there is uncommon software needed to make a server. Additionally, specialized gadgets like ethernet cables, switches, hubs, routers, cables are exorbitant.
- Privacy Violations: The LAN administrator can see and check the individual data records of each LAN clients. Besides, he can see the device and web history of the LAN client.
- Data Security Threat: Unauthorized clients can get to significant data of an office or grounds if a server hard disk is not as expected got by the LAN administrator.
- LAN Maintenance Job: Local Area Network requires a LAN Administrator in light of the fact that there are issues like software establishments, program issues or equipment disappointments, or cable unsettling influences in the Local Area Network. A LAN Administrator is needed to keep up with these issues.
- Covers Limited Area: LANs are confined in size they cover a little area like a solitary office, single structure, or a gathering of a close by buildings.
2. MAN:
A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that interconnects clients with computer assets in a geographic area or locale bigger than LAN. It is like LAN however it covers a whole city or grounds. Many LANs connect with structure a MAN network. Thus, MANs are bigger than LANs however more modest than MAN. The Man network is extremely effective. It gives quick correspondence by means of high-speed fiber optic cables. MANs are utilizing to assemble networks with high data connection speeds for urban areas and towns. The primary motivation behind MAN is to interconnect two LANs together.
MAN, additionally utilizes switches a lot to move information. MAN has a scope of over 50kms. The speed of the MAN is around 1000 Mbps (Wright, 2021). There are some pros and cons of MAN: Advantages:
- Less expensive: It is more affordable to connect MAN with WAN. MAN gives you great effectiveness of data. All data on MAN is effectively reasonable in a centralized way.
- Sending local emails: You can send nearby emails quick and free on MAN.
- High speed than WAN : Speed of data can undoubtedly arrive at 1000 Mbps, as MAN utilizes fiber optics. Documents and data base transfer rates are quick.
- Sharing of the internet: With the establishment of MANs, clients can share their internet connection. Along these lines, different clients can get a similar fast internet.
- Conversion of LAN to Man is easy: Man is blend of at least two LAN networks. So, it is a quicker method to interface two LAN networks. It is conceivable by the quick configuration of connections.
- High Security: MANs has a high-security level than WAN. Disadvantages:
- Difficult to manage: It is undeniably challenging to oversee if the size and number of LANs network increment. This is because of safely and additional design issues. Figure 2 :MAN diagram.
There are some pros and cons of WAN: Advantages:
- Covers large geographical area: WAN covers an enormous geological space of 1000 km or more. If your office is in various urban cities or countries then you can interface your office branches through WAN. ISP (Internet Service Provider) can give you rented lines by which you can interface diverse branch offices.
- Centralized data: Your organization doesn’t have to purchase email, files, and backup server, they would all be able to store at head office. All office branches can share the information through the head office server. You can get back up, support, and other helpful information from the head office, and all data are synchronized with any remaining office branches.
- Get updated files and data: Software organizations work over the live server to trade updated file. So, every one of the coders and office staff get updated version of documents in to time.
- A lot of application to exchange messages: With IoT (Internet of Thing) a new LAN innovation, messages are being transferred quick. A great deal of web applications is accessible like Facebook, Messenger, WhatsApp, Skype by which you can speak with friends through text, voice, and video chat.
- Sharing of software and resources: Like LAN we can share programming applications and different assets like a hard drive, RAM with different clients on the web. In web hosting, we share computer resources between numerous websites.
- Global business: Now everybody with computer skills can work together on the web and grow his business around the world. There are many kinds of efficient a shopping basket, deal, and acquisition of stock, etc.
- High bandwidth: In the event that you get rented lines for your organization, it gives high transmission capacity than an ordinary broadband connection. You can get a high data transfer rate that can expand your organization’s productivity.
- Distribute workload and decrease travel charges: Another advantage of a Wide Area Network is that you can circulate your work to different areas. For instance, you have an office in the U.S then you can recruit individuals from some other nation and speak with them effectively over WAN. It additionally lessens your travel charges as you can monitor the activities of your team online. Disadvantages:
- Security problems: WAN has greater security issues as contrast with MAN and LAN. WAN has numerous advancements joined which can make a security hole.
- Needs firewall and antivirus software: As data transferred on the internet can be gotten to and changed by hackers so firewall should be empowered in the computer. A few groups can likewise infuse a virus into the computer so antivirus software should be installed. Other security software additionally should be installed on various focuses in WAN.
- The setup cost is high: Setting up WAN without precedent for the workplace costs higher cash. It might include buying switches, routers, and extra security software.
- Troubleshooting problems: As WAN covers a ton of areas so fixing the issue in it is troublesome. Most WAN wires go into the ocean and wires get broken in some cases. It includes a ton of assets to fix cables under the ocean. An ISP (Internet service provider) head office large numbers of internet lines, routers are stirred up in rooms and fixing issues on the internet requires a full-time staff.
- Server down and disconnection issue: In certain spaces, ISP deals with issues because of power supply or terrible line’s structure. Clients regularly face availability issues or slow internet speed issues. The answer for this is to buy devoted line from ISP.
4. WLAN:
WLAN represents for Wireless Local Area Network. Wireless made correspondence simpler in this day and age. This wireless communication office is bound to a space of not many meters as it were. This office is exceptionally valuable for correspondence inside a structure or grounds. We utilize radio frequency for correspondence in this organization. It gives an extremely high data rate; the inclusion area is little so is the traffic. As the light of sight is not needed for the spread, it is a dependable type of correspondence. Any sort of organization utilizes some standard protocol for the transmission of data. IEEE standard gives engineering and convention to WLAN. IEEE represents “Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers”. IEEE standard gives an office of time-bounded and asynchronous service. Asynchronous service implies more band of frequency for administration one way than the other. Synchronous service permits a similar band length in two ways. WLAN utilized two fundamental transmission advances for its arrangement. They are infrared transmission innovation and radio transmission innovation. Presently infrared innovation is not utilized as it requires view and is handily frustrated by the deterrents in its manner. In this way, infrared is not dependable. Anyway, wireless advancements are inclined to impedance and commotion. The interference can be because of ecological issues like rain, thunder, etc. Be that as it may, disregarding a few impediments, wireless is more worthwhile. Wireless correspondence gives incredible adaptability (Ali, 2017).
work without utilizing network protocols. Backing for this protocol can be incorporated into software, hardware, or both. (Braden, 2021).
1. TCP/IP AND OSI:
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the language a computer uses to get to the internet. It comprises of a set-up of conventions intended to build up a network of networks to furnish a host with admittance to the internet. TCP/IP is answerable for undeniable internet data connectivity and transmitting the data end to end by giving different functions, including addressing, mapping and acknowledgment. TCP/IP contains four layers, which vary somewhat from the OSI model. The innovation is normal to the point that one would seldom utilize the complete name. All in all, in like manner use, the abbreviation is presently the actual term (Stoltzfus, 2021).
- Application layer (software layer): first layer that is closest layer to the end user, produces the data that needs to be sent over the network.
- Presentation layer (software layer): the data that is sent by the application layer is extracted in this layer and it is controlled as needs be to the required format for sending over the Network layer.
- Session layer (software layer): liable for building up an association, keeping up with the sessions, and guaranteeing validation and security. Network protocols loke NFS, SQL, and RPC work in this layer.
- Transport layer (hardware layer): is liable for start to finish correspondence over a network. This layer addresses the progress point between the lower layers that arrangement with information conveyance issues, and the higher ones that work with application software. Transport layer applications are liable for dividing application information into blocks for transmission and might be either connection-oriented or connectionless.
- Network layer (hardware layer): gives the ways to data routing for network correspondence and furthermore allows the various networks to be interconnected. The best logical path selection is finished by the network layer for data move between various nodes. The data are moved as packets Figure 5 : TCP/IP and OSI
with the assistance of logical network paths. It relies upon the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) for mistake taking care of and diagnostics to guarantee that packets are sent effectively.
- Data link layer (hardware layer): It is utilized for the encoding, unraveling, and logical organizations of data bits. Data packets are outlined and tended to by this layer, which has two sublayers. They are Media Access Control (MAC) and Logical Link Control (LLC). The data packets are encoded and decoded in this layer.
- Physical layer (hardware layer): the data moves physically across the network interface. Repeaters, hubs, transceivers all work at the physical layer. This layer characterizes the method for sending crude pieces as opposed to intelligent information bundles over an physical data link connection network nodes.
2. HTTP:
HTTP implies HyperText Transfer Protocol. HTTP is the fundamental protocol utilized by the World Wide Web and this protocol characterizes how message are designed and sent, and what activities Web server and browser should take because of different orders (Beal, 2021).
3. DNS:
DNS (Domain Name System) is a various leveled classification system that arrangements with domain area name space management. Its essential assignment is to determine the naming solicitations. The clarification of this capacity can be by correlation with a phone data administration that has current contact information and gives them when somebody demands them. To do this, the domain name system utilizes a worldwide network of DNS server, which partition the domain into regions oversaw autonomously of one another. This permits the decentralized administration of domain data. Each time a client enrolls a domain, it makes a WHOIS passage in the comparing vault. What’s more, it is put away in the DNS as in asset record. The database of a DNS server consequently turns into the assemblage of all records in the area of the domain namespace that it oversees (Sharief, 2019).
III. NETWORKING STANDARD ORGANIZATIONS:
- ISO (International Organization for Standardization): is a group of standards organizations represent 157 countries.
- IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): is a worldwide society group of programmer professionals.
- ITU (International Telecommunication Union): is a specific United Nations agency that directs global telecommunications.
It offers a high level of repetition, so regardless of whether one network cable fails, still data has an elective way to arrive at its objective (IndianKid, 2021). Partial Mesh Topology: In this type of topology, the major of the devices are associated practically like the full topology. The solitary contrast is that couple of devices are connected with only a few devices. Full Mesh Topology: In this type of topology, every node or device are directly connected with each other. Figure 7 :Partially Connected Mesh Topology. Figure 8 : Fully Connected Mesh Topology.
Advantages:
- The network can be expanded without disrupting current users.
- Need extra capable compared with other LAN topologies.
- No traffic problem as nodes has dedicated links.
- Dedicated links help you to eliminate the traffic problem.
- A mesh topology is robust.
- It has multiple links, so if any single route is blocked, then other routes should be used for data communication.
- P2P links make the fault identification isolation process easy.
- It helps you to avoid the chances of network failure by connecting all the systems to a central node.
- Every system has its privacy and security. Disadvantages:
- Installation is complex because every node is connected to every node.
- It is expensive due to the use more cables. No proper utilization of systems.
- Dedicated links help you to eliminate the traffic problem.
- It requires a large space to run the cables.
2. STAR:
In the star topology, every one of the computers interfaces with the help of a hub. This cable is known as a central node, and any remaining nodes are connected utilizing this central node. It is generally mainstream on LAN networks as they are economical and simple to install (Pedamkar, 2021). Figure 9 : Star Topology Diagram.
- It is widely used when a network installation is small, simple, or temporary.
- It is one of the passive topologies. So, computers on the bus only listen for data being sent, that not responsible for moving the data from one computer to others. Disadvantages:
- In case if the common cable fails, then the entire system will crash down.
- When network traffic is heavy, it develops collisions in the network.
- Whenever network traffic is heavy, or nodes are too many, the performance time of the network significantly decreases.
- Cables are always of a limited length.
4. RING:
In a ring topology, each device has precisely two adjoining gadgets for correspondence purposes. It is known as a ring topology as its arrangement resembles a ring. In this topology, every computer is connected with another computer. Here, the last node is joined with the first. This topology utilizes tokens to pass the data starting with one computer onto the next. In this topology, every one of the messages travels through a ring a similar way (Pedamkar, 2021). Advantages:
- Easy to install and reconfigure.
- Adding or deleting a device in-ring topology needs you to move only two connections.
- Faster error checking and acknowledgment.
- Offers equal access to all the computers of the networks. Figure 11 : Ring Topology Diagram.
Disadvantages:
- Unidirectional traffic.
- Break a single ring can risk the breaking of the entire network.
- Modern days high-speed LANs made this topology less popular.
- It is very difficult to troubleshoot the ring network.
- Failure of one computer can disturb the whole network.
- Adding or removing the computers can disturb the network activity.
5. TREE:
Tree topology have a root node, and all remaining nodes are connected which shapes a progressive system. So, it is otherwise called hierarchical topology. This topology integrates different star topologies in a solitary bus, so it is known as a star bus topology. Tree topology is an extremely normal network that is like a bus and star topology (Pedamkar, 2021). Advantages:
- Failure of one node never affects the rest of the network.
- Node expansion is fast and easy.
- Detection of error is an easy process.
- It is easy to manage and maintain. Disadvantages:
- It is heavily cabled topology.
- If more nodes are added, then its maintenance is difficult.
- If the hub or concentrator fails, attached nodes are also disabled. Figure 12 : Tree Topology Diagram.
