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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title 10: Website Design & Development Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Le Nguyen Quang Nam Student ID GCD Class GCD0905 Assessor name Phan Thanh Tra Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Le Nguyen Quang Nam Grading grid P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 M3 D
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A. Server technologies and management services.
I. The purpose and types of DNS, including explanations on how domain names are
organized and managed. (P1)
1.1 Explanation of the concept of DNS.
The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet. Humans access information online through domain names, like nytimes.com or espn.com. Web browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS translates domain names to IP addresses so browsers can load Internet resources. Each device connected to the Internet has a unique IP address that other machines use to find the device. DNS servers eliminate the need for humans to memorize IP addresses such as 192.168.1.1 (in IPv4), or more complex newer alphanumeric IP addresses such as 2400:cb00:2048:1::c629:d7a2 (in IPv6).
Figure 1. Definition of DNS. 1.2 The purpose of DNS. DNS is an acronym for Domain Name System, which is a name resolution system for the Internet that was created in 1984. It is the only system that permits the corresponding configuration between IP address and domain name. The Domain Name System (DNS) is an Internet naming system for computers, services, and other resources. It connects a wide range of data to domain names assigned to participants. Most crucially, it converts meaningful domain names for people into IDs (binary) that may be linked to network equipment to locate and address devices all over the world. The function of the DNS is to provide a name (domain name or URL: Universal Resource Locator) and an IP address to each website. The IP address is made up of four integers separated by dots (Ipv4). When you start a Web browser and type in the website's name, the browser will take you to the website without requiring you to type in the IP address. A DNS server's job is to "translate" a
looking for, anything (laptop, tablets, mobile phones, website) connected to the internet has an IP address, when a URL is typed into a browser then DNS server returns the IP address of web server which is associated with that name. Figure 3. DNS Types. There are top three DNS types: DNS queries : DNS query is also known as a DNS request. So, it is a request for information that is sent from the user’s computer to ask for the IP address to a DNS server. This means the DNS client is querying the DNS server to get the IP address, related to that domain.
Three types of queries occurs in DNS query: Recursive Query : Recursive query is a type of query in which the DNS server will do all the job of answering the users. In recursive query DNS server querying to the other DNS server on behalf of the user. When the user requests by asking name to the server, the server performs complete translation and the user directly gets the IP address of the domain. Iterative Query : In an iterative query, the user can request repeatedly to the different DNS servers for resolution. It means iterative DNS query is a request for a website or URL, DNS server responds with the IP address, if the server does not have the requested IP address then request forwarded to other DNS server. Non-Recursive Query : The non-recursive query is a query in which the DNS Resolver already knows the answer. That either immediately returns the DNS records or queries the name server which is authoritative for the records, because that is stored in the local cache, an immediate response to be given to the user.
DNS Resolver: DNS resolver is also called a recursive resolver, it converts the hostname into an IP address which is machine friendly. This server is designed to receive queries from web browsers and other applications. This resolver receives a hostname in the form of www.sample.com and is also responsible for tracking the IP address for that hostname. DNS Root Server: Root servers are the DNS name servers that are operated in the root zone, root zone is the stored record of queries so that server can directly answer the query from the root zone or cache within the root zone. The DNS uses 13 DNS servers and that is based on a constraint of Internet Protocol version 4. Authoritative Name Server: The authoritative name server is the higher level in DNS. The DNS server is the ‘authoritative’, the authoritative name is given to the specific hostname because it holds the up-to-date information about that hostname.
Figure 5. DNS Servers. DNS records: DNS server created a DNS record to give important information about the domain or hostname and its current IP address. The common DNS record types are :
Figure 6. DNS Records. 1.4 Explanation on how domain names are organized and managed. Subdomains, which are subordinate tiers of the Domain Name System root domain, are used to organize domain names. TLDs are the initial level of domain names, which include generic top-level domains (gTLDs) like.com,.net, and.org, as well as country
code top-level domains (ccTLDs). In the instances google.fr and google.com.au, the ccTLDs are noted to the right of the dot, such as.fr or.au. Second and third-level domain names in the DNS system, such as DomainTools or Google, fall under top-level domains. End-users can usually reserve these domains to run websites, create publicly accessible Internet resources, and link the Internet to their local area networks. Second-level domains typically provide the name of the organization and/or are descriptive of the service provided, while third-level domains are typically used to refer to a specific server within an organization. Figure 7. How domain names are organized. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), which administers the top of the DNS tree by administrating the data in the root nameservers, is in charge of domain names. In addition to the int registry for international organizations, the ARPA zone for protocol administration, and other essential zones like root-servers.net, IANA also manages the root-servers.net domain. All other domain name authority is delegated to other domain name registries, and a complete list may be seen on IANA's website. IANA
2.1 The purpose of communication protocols. A communication protocol is a set of rules that allows two or more entities in a communications system to send data using any physical quantity variation. The protocol specifies the communication rules, syntax, semantics, and synchronization, as well as error recovery techniques. Figure 9. Mobile communication protocols.
There are various types of protocols that support a major and compassionate role in communicating with different devices across the network. Some types of protocols are: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): TCP is a popular communication protocol which is used for communicating over a network. It divides any message into series of packets that are sent from source to destination and there it gets reassembled at the destination. Internet Protocol (IP): IP is designed explicitly as addressing protocol. It is mostly used with TCP. The IP addresses in packets help in routing them through different nodes in a network until it reaches the destination system. TCP/IP is the most popular protocol connecting the networks. User Datagram Protocol (UDP): UDP is a substitute communication protocol to Transmission Control Protocol implemented primarily for creating loss-tolerating and low-latency linking between different applications. Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP): SMTP is designed to send and distribute outgoing E-Mail. File Transfer Protocol (FTP): FTP allows users to transfer files from one machine to another. Types of files may include program files, multimedia files, text files, and documents, etc. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): HTTP is designed for transferring a hypertext among two or more systems. HTML tags are used for creating links. These links may be in any form like text or images. HTTP is designed on Client-server principles which allow a client system for establishing a connection with the server machine for making a request. The server acknowledges the request initiated by the client and responds accordingly. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS): HTTPS is abbreviated as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure is a standard protocol to secure the communication among two computers one using the browser and other fetching data from web server. HTTP is used for transferring data between the client browser (request) and the web server (response) in the hypertext format, same in case of HTTPS except that the transferring of data is done in an encrypted format. So it can be said that https thwart hackers from interpretation or modification of data throughout the transfer of packets.
