History and Components of Microprocessors and Computer Architecture, Exercises of Microbiology

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EE3323:Microprocessors &

Computer Architecture

Spring 2021

Components of a Computer

Dr. Muhammad Tahir

([email protected])

Capital University of Science & Technology (CUST), Islamabad

Lecture 2

Course Group & Folder

• Google Classroom
  • https://classroom.google.com/
• Class Code
• Course Folder
  • \fs\Lectures$\Dr.M Tahir\EE

Course Lab & Software Tools ▪ In Lab, you will be working on STM32F103 Blue Pill Board ▪ Software Tools ▪Keil uVision ▪VisUAL Emulator

What is a Computer?

• Computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions (program) that can perform the following tasks : - Take input, accept data - Process the data ( according to specified instructions/programs ) - Produce output (information) - Store the information for future use

• Main Components of a Computer Components of a Computer System

Generations of Computer Architecture

Computers History : Mechanical Computers (Pascaline, Analytical Engine)

• Pascaline was a mechanical computer designed and built by the French mathematician Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644
• Analytical Engine was mechanical computer designed by the English mathematician Charles Babbage in 1837

Generations of Computer Architecture

• First generation (1939-1954)
  • Vacuum tube
• Second generation (1954-1959)
  • Transistor
• Third generation (1959-1971)
  • Integrated Circuits (IC)
• Fourth generation (1971-present)
  • Microprocessors

• Vacuum Tube based computers were enormous in size, slow in speed, consumed high power and generated lot of heat
• Programming was done in Machine language .i.e. 0’s & 1’s
• Example : BIG BRAIN” ENIAC
• 1,800 sq. Feet area
• 30 ton Weight
• 17000 Vacuum tubes
• Power Consumed: 200 KWatts
• Speed : 100,000 ops / sec First Generation Computers (1939-54) BIG BRAIN (ENIAC)

Transistor

• Transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley
• Transistor revolutionized the computer design by replacing the Vacuum Tubes
• Transistor is more power efficient and fast as compared to Vacuum tube
• In computer architecture, Transistor is used as a switch

Integrated Circuit (IC)

• An integrated circuit, or IC, is small chip that can hold anywhere from hundreds to millions of transistors

1 - 17 DEC PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation Third Generation Computer (1959-71)

• Third generation computers were based on Integrated circuits ( ICs )
• ICs further reduced size of Computers
• Multiple ICs were integrated on single PCB to form a computer
• Third generation computers had keyboards, displays, operating systems
• Example : DEC PDP- 8
• DEC PDP- 8 was the least expensive general purpose small computer in 1960 s 3/10/2021 EE3323:Microprocessors & CA © Dr. Muhammad Tahir (CUST)

1 - 19 ALU Instruction decoder Reg. Program counter I/O Refresh logic System bus Control logic ROM/RAM buffer (^) Timing Reset Intel 4004 (4-bit mP) Forth Generation Computer (1971- Present)

• Thousands of ICs were integrated onto a single chip to fabricate microprocessors
• Microprocessors started 4 th generation of computers
• Forth generation of computers also saw era of Graphical interface, multiple high level programming languages, computer networks
• Example : Intel 4004
• In 1971 Intel developed 4 - bit microprocessor Intel 4004
• Latest in series are Intel Core 2 Duo, Core i 5 , Core i 7 3/10/2021 EE3323:Microprocessors & CA © Dr. Muhammad Tahir (CUST)

Types of Computers

• Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows
• Supercomputers
• Mainframes
• Mini-computers
• Servers
• Personal Computers (PC)
• Embedded /Wearable Devices