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Course: Artificial Intelligence Individual Assignment
Sub To: Tomas u (Msc)
🧾 Introduction Rule (Inference Mechanism): Modus Ponens (most common rule): o If P → Q is true and P is true, then conclude Q. Universal Instantiation : From ∀x (P(x)), infer P(a) for a specific individual a. 🧾 Syntax: Propositional logic: uses symbols like P, Q, ¬, ∧, →, etc. Predicate logic: uses predicates and quantifiers: o ∀x (Human(x) → Mortal(x)) 🔠 Sample: ∀x (Bird(x) → CanFly(x)) Bird(Tweety) 🧾 Example: Statement: "All birds can fly. Tweety is a bird." Representation: ∀x (Bird(x) → CanFly(x)) Bird(Tweety)⇒ CanFly(Tweety)
🧾 Introduction Rule: Forward Chaining : Start with facts, apply matching rules, and derive conclusions. Backward Chaining : Start with a goal and search for rules that support it. Example (Forward Chaining): Fact: raining = true, have_umbrella = true Rule: IF raining AND have_umbrella THEN go_outside Conclusion: go_outside
🔠 Sample: [Robin] --is-a--> [Bird] [Bird] --can--> [Fly] 🧾 Example: To represent: "Robin is a bird, birds can fly": Semantic Net: o Robin → is-a → Bird o Bird → can → Fly Inference : Robin can Fly
🧾 Introduction Rule: Slot Filling : o When an object is instantiated, you fill in or override slot values. Default Inheritance : o If a value isn’t provided, it inherits a default. Procedural Attachment : o Slot can call a procedure to compute the value dynamically. Example: Frame: Car Default Engine: Combustion Instance: Tesla Overrides Engine: Electric 🧾 Syntax: Structures with slots (attributes) and fillers (values) Can include default values , procedural attachments , and nested frames 🔠 Sample: Frame: Dog Type: Mammal
Legs: 4 Sound: Bark 🧾 Example: Restaurant Frame : Frame: Restaurant Slots:
