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ASWB LMSW Exam (Full)
Erik Erikson - answer known for his 8-stage theory of psychosocial development focusing on resolving successive identity crises Basic Trust Vs Mistrust (Erikson) - answer infants learn trust and develop a sense of safety through the consistency of the caregiver meeting their needs (birth to one year) Autonomy Vs Shame & Doubt (Erikson) - answer toddlers learn to do things for themselves through encouragement and support (1-3 years) Initiative Vs Guilt (Erikson) - answer preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about their efforts at independence (3- years) Industry Vs Inferiority (Erikson) - answer school-age children learn the pleasure of applying oneself to a task, or they feel inferior (6-12 years) Identity Vs Role Confusion (Erikson) - answer teenagers develop a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are (12-20 years) Intimacy Vs Isolation (Erikson) - answer young adults work on forming and maintaining intimate relationships or they feel socially isolated (20-25 years) Generativity Vs Stagnation (Erikson) - answer middle-aged adults discover a sense of contributing through family or work, or they may feel a lack of purpose (25-65 years)
Ego Integrity Vs Despair (Erikson) - answer older adults reflect on satisfaction with their lives or feel a sense of failure (65 years to death) Social Development - Micro - answer learning how to behave and interact well with others; learning how to manage feelings in a way that is productive rather than counterproductive Social Development - Macro - answer learning how people interact in groups and society (family, community), especially in regards to social norms, institutional change, and inclusion Emotional Development - answer learning self-awareness, self-regulation, social skills, cooperation, attention, transitioning from one activity to another, self-confidence, forming and maintaining relationships Six Levels of Cognition - answer knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation (KCAASE) Knowledge - answer rote memorization, recognition, recall of facts (1st level of cognition) Comprehension - answer understanding what facts mean (2nd level of cognition) Application - answer correct use of facts, rules, or ideas (3rd level of cognition) Analysis - answer breaking information down into its component parts (4th level of cognition)
Conventional Morality (Kohlberg) - answer acts to gain approval from others; obeys laws and fulfills obligations to maintain social system; avoids censure and guilt (adolescents & most adults) Postconventional Morality (Kohlberg) - answer genuine interest in others' welfare; concerned with individual rights and being morally right; guided by principles and concerns based on broad, universal ethics and morality (some adults) Learning Theory - Behaviorism - answer learning is viewed through change in behavior and the stimuli in the external environment are the locus of learning; change the external environment and change behavior Learning Theory - Cognitive Theory - answer learning is viewed through internal mental processes (insight, information processing, memory, perception) and the locus of learning is internal cognitive structures; develop opportunities to foster capacity and skills to improve learning Learning Theory - Humanism - answer learning is viewed as a person's activities aimed at reaching his or her full potential, and the locus of learning is in meeting cognitive and other needs; develop the whole person Learning Theory - Social Theory - answer learning is obtained between people and their environment--their interactions and observations in social contexts; establish opportunities for conversation and participation Respondent Behavior (Behaviorism) - answer involuntary behavior (anxiety, sexual response) that is automatically elicited by certain behavior. A stimulus elicits a response. Operant Behavior (Behaviorism) - answer voluntary behavior (walking, talking) that is controlled by its consequences in the environment
Classical Conditioning - answer learning to associate an involuntary response and a stimulus (Pavlov's dogs develop the expectation that they will be fed when a bell rings) Operant Conditioning - answer learning to associate a voluntary response with a consequence (Skinner's rats develop the expectation that they will get food by pressing a lever) Best known applications of behavior modification - answer sexual dysfunction, phobic disorders, compulsive behaviors (overeating, smoking), and training for people with intellectual disabilities or Autism Spectrum Disorder Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of... - answer interaction between the individual and the environment Behavioral theories focus on... - answer observable and measurable behaviors rather than internal thoughts and feelings advantages of client self-monitoring (Behaviorism) - answer inexpensive, practical, therapeutic disadvantages of client self-monitoring (Behaviorism) - answer clients collecting inadequate/inaccurate information or resisting to collect any at all Positive Reinforcement (Operant Technique) - answer increases probability that behavior will occur: praise, giving tokens, or otherwise rewarding positive behavior
Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) - answer a cognitively-oriented therapy which seeks to change a client's irrational beliefs by argument, persuasion, and rational reevaluation and by teaching them to counter self-defeating thinking with new, nondistressing self-statements Shaping (Behaviorism) - answer method used to train a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior Systematic Desensitization - answer pairs anxiety-producing stimulus with a relaxation-producing response (compliment, gift), since an anxiety-inhibiting response cannot occur at the same time as the anxiety response Token Economy - answer a client receives tokens as reinforcement for performing specified behaviors; these function as currency and can be exchanged for goods, services, or privileges Sexuality in infants and toddlers - answer babies are sexual in utero (males can have erections in the uterus) and will rub their genitals before they can walk because it is pleasurable; children can experience orgasm; by age 2, most children understand anatomical sex differences Sexuality in children (age 3-7) - answer preschool children are very curious about bodies and enjoy physical contact; imitating adult behavior (holding hands, kissing, playing house); sex play is normal at this age (looking at genitals, playing doctor) Sexuality in preadolescence (age 8-12) - answer puberty begins and children become more modest and self-conscious about their bodies; masturbation increases but the idea of sexual intercourse remains unpleasant for most; same-gender sexual experiences are normal and not necessarily indicative of sexual orientation; group dating is common; may have experiences of "making out", heavy petting, and oral sex
Sexuality in adolescence (age 13-19) - answer increased interest in romantic and sexual relationships, including intercourse; most adolescents explore relationships, fall in and out of love, and have sex before the age of 20 Adult sexuality - answer women experience menopause around age 50; sex may become uncomfortable due to physical changes in the vagina (these can be mitigated with lubricant and estrogen therapy); men are less able to achieve erections and have less ejaculate; men should have prostate exams for cancer; even among the very old, the need for touch and intimacy remains Ethnicity - answer the idea that one is a member of a particular cultural, national, or racial group that may share culture, religion, race, language, or place or origin Race - answer a term of cultural classification (today based mainly on skin color and other physiological markers) that has changed over time; related to a particular social, historical, and geographic context; race used to be based on ethnicity or nationality, religion, or minority language groups Culture - answer the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next through interaction, customs, language, religion, and media Stage Model for Cultural & Ethnic Identity Development - answer 1 - unexamined identity, in which ideas are uncritically accepted 2 - identity search, in which ideas are explored and questioned and there is increased awareness of other cultures 3 - identity achievement, in which people have a clear sense of their own identity as well as acceptance of others
Physiological Needs (Maslow) - answer food, water, air, body temperature regulation, sleep, elimination, health Safety Needs (Maslow) - answer safety, security, stability, predictability Social Needs (Maslow) - answer affection, belonging, acceptance, love, intimacy, companionship, and friendship Esteem Needs (Maslow) - answer achievement, competence, efficacy, worth, freedom, independence, recognition, and respect Self-Actualization Needs (Maslow) - answer personal growth, creativity, contribution, meaning, meeting one's full potential Deficiency Needs (Maslow) - answer also known as deficiency needs or D- needs; arise due to lack; satisfying these basic needs helps to avoid unpleasant feelings or consequence Growth Needs (Maslow) - answer also known as being needs or B-needs; self actualization; fall highest level on pyramid; come from place of growth rather than lack Attachment Theory (John Bowlby) - answer posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival Secure Attachment - answer when caregivers respond quickly and effectively to a child's needs, the child learns to self-soothe by relying on caregiver; as adults, these people are comfortable in relationships and seek support when they need it
Ambivalent (Anxious/Preoccupied) Attachment - answer when caregivers provide inconsistent care, some children cry and are difficult to console; as adults, these people are insecure and need reassurance Avoidant Attachment - answer when caregivers provide inconsistent care, some children learn that it is pointless to cry; as adults, these people are emotionally cut off and overly independent Disorganized Attachment - answer when caregivers are abusive or neglectful, the child is overwhelmed by constantly changing emotions and unmet needs; as adults, these people may have personality disorders where they both crave intimacy and reject it Biological Theory of Personality - answer suggests that genetics are responsible for personality based on heritability research Behavioral Theories of Personality - answer suggests that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and their environment (measurable, observable interaction) Psychodynamic Theory of Personality - answer emphasize the importance of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences Humanist Theories of Personality - answer emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience, as well as self-actualization Trait Theories of Personality - answer posits that personality are made up of a collection of broad, relatively stable behavioral predispositions Conflict Theories - answer social theories derived from Karl Marx positing that society is fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources
Authoritarian Parenting - answer strict rules given without reasoning and enforced by harsh punishment; generally leads to people being obedient and proficient, but unhappy and with poor self-esteem Authoritative Parenting - answer guidelines are responsive to children's questioning and input; when expectations are not met, parents remain nurturing and supportive, emphasizing forgiveness; leads to people being happy and capable Permissive Parenting - answer very few limits or demands; generally nurturing and communicative; a friend rather than a parent; leads to people being unhappy and unable to self-regulate, problems with authority and low performance Uninvolved Parenting - answer parents may fulfill children's basic needs, but are generally detached from their lives; leads to very poor outcomes across all life domains tolerance (addiction) - answer diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and more frequent doses to experience a drug's effect withdrawal (addiction) - answer the physiological and psychological symptoms that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug codependency (addiction) - answer an unhealthy relationship pattern in which a person sacrifices his or her own needs to enable someone to continue using substances by covering up, giving money, and denying that there is a problem Feminist Theory - answer looks at gender inequities in society and the way that gender structures the social world, with the purpose of using that knowledge to better women's lives
Out-of-home placement occurs when... - answer there is a health or safety risk associated with staying in the home; usually occurs after in-home interventions have been tried and failed Family of Origin - answer first stage in the family life cycle - maintaining relationships with parents, siblings, and peers; completing education, and developing the foundations of a family life Leaving Home (Family Life Cycle) - answer differentiation, developing intimate peer relationships, work, developing work identity, and financial independence Premarriage Stage (Family Life Cycle) - answer selecting partners, developing a relationship, establishing a home with someone Childless Couple Stage (Family Life Cycle) - answer learning to live together practically and emotionally, adjusting family and peer relationships to include one's partner Family with Young Children (Family Life Cycle) - answer realigning family system to make space for children, developing parenting roles, including family such as grandparents, helping children develop peer relationships Family with Adolescents (Family Life Cycle) - answer adjusting relationships to allow adolescents more autonomy, parents focus on career issues, may begin caring for aging parents Launching Children (Family Life Cycle) - answer resolving midlife issues, negotiating adult-to-adult relationships with children, readjusting to living as a couple, adjusting to include in-laws and grandchildren, dealing with disability and death of family members
-must acknowledge differences, share power, give up fantasies of perfect harmony, and accept partner Stage 3: Stability (Couples Development) - answer -redirection of attention and time to the self -autonomy and individuality -disagreements can occur with win-win results -live independently while valuing relationship Stage 4: Commitment (Couples Development) - answer -marriage is ideal in this stage -embrace the reality that both partners are human and have shortcomings (but good outweighs bad) -partners need to and want to work with each other Stage 5: Co-Creation (Couples Development) - answer -foundation of the relationship is no longer meeting personal needs, but appreciation and love for other -characterized by support and deep, mutual respect -the couple unit is able to make contributions beyond the relationship itself acting out - answer a defense mechanism wherein emotional conflict is dealt with through impulsive action compensation - answer a defense mechanism wherein one tries to make up for a real or imagined deficiency conversion - answer a defense mechanism wherein a psychological conflict (stress or trauma) manifests physically, typically as blindness or paralysis
denial - answer a primitive defense mechanism in which the ego simply refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities devaluation - answer a defense mechanism where one attributes exaggerated negative qualities to self or other (often seen in borderline individuals) dissociation (defense mechanism) - answer a defense mechanism in which conflicting impulses are kept apart or threatening ideas and feelings are separated from the rest of the psyche (amnesia, fugue) compartmentalization - answer a defense mechanism in which thoughts and feelings that seem to conflict or to be incompatible (cognitive dissonance) are isolated from each other in separate and apparently impermeable psychic compartments displacement - answer a defense mechanism in which one directs unacceptable feelings or behavior at a less threatening recipient idealization - answer a defense mechanism that protects the individual from conscious feelings of ambivalence toward the idealized object identification with the aggressor - answer mastering anxiety by identifying with a powerful aggressor (usually an abusive parent) to counteract feelings of helplessness incorporation - answer "ingesting" objects or aspects of objects into the psyche; an early form of identification and introjection that originates in the oral stage
regression - answer defense mechanism of partial or symbolic return to infantile patterns repression - answer defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness splitting - answer defense mechanism that involves experiencing the self or others as all good or all bad; commonly seen in borderline personality disorder sublimation - answer a defense mechanism in which unacceptable energies are directed into socially admirable outlets substitution - answer a defense mechanism where something unacceptable or unattainable is replaced by something more acceptable or attainable symbolization - answer a defense mechanism wherein a mental representation stands for something else (dreams, obsessions, compulsions, reaction formation) turning against self - answer defense mechanism to deflect hostile aggression or other unacceptable impulses from another to self (anger at another is turned to self and becomes depression) undoing - answer defense mechanism in which one uses words or actions to negate something unacceptable (hand-washing to deal with obsessive thoughts) Family theory of addiction - answer -parents, siblings, or spouse use substances so this is "normal" in the family ecosystem
-family dysfunction promotes substance use as a coping tool (inconsistent discipline, lack of routine or affection) -family trauma (death, divorce) Social theory of addiction - answer -peers use drugs or alcohol -social or cultural norms condone use of substances -positive or enjoyable effects are expected -drugs and alcohol are available and accessible Psychiatric theory of addiction - answer -depression, anxiety, low self- esteem, low stress tolerance, or other disorders -feelings of desperation and loss of control over one's life Behavioral theory of addiction - answer -use of other substances (gateway drugs) -aggressive or rebellious behavior in childhood -impulsivity and risk-taking -academic and behavioral problems -poor interpersonal relationships Biopsychosocial model of addiction - answer addiction is caused by multiple factors operating in complex interaction: genetic predisposition, brain chemistry, emotional and psychological problems, and social and environmental influences Medical model of addiction - answer addiction is a chronic, progressive, relapsing, and potentially fatal disease caused by genetic predisposition, brain reward mechanisms, and altered brain chemistry from habitual use
