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anatomical position - ✔✔Standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward. cells - ✔✔The basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created. cellular functions - ✔✔Processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement. directional terminology - ✔✔Words used to explain relationships of locations of anatomical elements (distal, posterior, medial, etc.). organ systems - ✔✔Functional groups
of organs that work together within the body: circulatory, integumentary, skeletal, reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic, muscular, nervous. organelle - ✔✔A specialized part of a cell that has a specific function organ - ✔✔A self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific function. reference planes - ✔✔Planes dividing the body to describe locations: sagittal, coronal, and transverse. tissue - ✔✔A group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organs. alveoli - ✔✔Tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
pleura - ✔✔A membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity. surfactant - ✔✔A fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs. trachea - ✔✔The windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs. ventilation - ✔✔The movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation. cervix - ✔✔The passage that forms the lower part of the uterus. estrogen - ✔✔Female sex hormones fallopian tubes - ✔✔Tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus ovary - ✔✔Organ in which eggs are
produced for reproduction penis - ✔✔Organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body. prostate - ✔✔The gland in males that controls the release of urine and secretes a part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm. scrotum - ✔✔The pouch of skin that contains the testicles testicles - ✔✔The organs that produce sperm; also called testes. testosterone - ✔✔The hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics. urethra - ✔✔The tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the female body.
B-cell - ✔✔Cells that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens bone - ✔✔Hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton. brittle bone disease - ✔✔A group of diseases that affect collagen and result in fragile bones. canaliculi - ✔✔Microscoping canals in ossified bone. cartilage - ✔✔Tough, elastic connective tissue found in parts of the body such as the ear. collagen - ✔✔The primary structural protein of connective tissue Haversian canal - ✔✔Channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves.
lamellae - ✔✔Layers of bone, tissue, or cell walls. lining cells - ✔✔Flattened bone cells that come from osteoblasts. osteoarthritis - ✔✔Degenerative joint disease. osteoblasts - ✔✔Cells that make bone. osteoclasts - ✔✔Cells that remove bone osteocytes - ✔✔Bone cells acid - ✔✔A substance with a pH less than 7 base - ✔✔A substance with a pH greater than 7. catalyst - ✔✔A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without
in a living thing that contains carbon pH - ✔✔The measure of acidity or alkalinity. salt - ✔✔A chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, with at least part of the hydrogen of the acid replaced by a cation. neutron - ✔✔An atomic particle with no electric charge orbital - ✔✔An area around the nucleus where an electron can be found period - ✔✔One of seven horizontal rows in the periodic tables periodic table - ✔✔The table of elements expressed as columns and rows proton - ✔✔A positively charged atomic particle.
valence electron - ✔✔An electron in an outer orbital that can form bonds with other atoms. cause - ✔✔The element that makes something happen. effect - ✔✔The result of a cause sequencing - ✔✔Organization of cause and effect relationships graduated cylinder - ✔✔A narrow cylinder used to measure liquid volume. gram - ✔✔Metric unit of mass length - ✔✔Measurement of distance from end to end. liter - ✔✔Measurement of volume
bolus - ✔✔A mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed. chyme - ✔✔The semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine enzymatic digestion - ✔✔The break down of food by enzymes for absorption. gall bladder - ✔✔The organ that stores bile. large intestine - ✔✔Also known as the colon, where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination liver - ✔✔The organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions mouth - ✔✔The oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal
pancreas - ✔✔The gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices peristalsis - ✔✔A series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. rectum - ✔✔The last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus. saliva - ✔✔The clear liquid found in the mouth, also known as spit small intestine - ✔✔The part of the GI tract between the stomach and large intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs. stomach - ✔✔The organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs.
sweat - ✔✔Perspiration excreted by sweat glands through the skin. adrenal - ✔✔A gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions. hormone - ✔✔A chemical substance that regulates specific processes in the body. parathyroid - ✔✔An endocrine gland in the neck that produces parathyroid hormone. pineal - ✔✔A small gland near the center of the brain that secretes melatonin. pituitary - ✔✔The endocrine gland at the base of the brain that controls growth and development. thymus - ✔✔The lymphoid organ that produces T-cells.
thyroid - ✔✔The gland in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate. autonomic nervous system - ✔✔The part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions such as breathing and heart rate. axon - ✔✔A nerve fiber contraction - ✔✔Shortening or elongating a muscle to perform muscle actions. involuntary - ✔✔Without intentional control. muscle - ✔✔Soft tissue that produces force and motion to move the body. nerve - ✔✔A bundle of axons that transmits electrical impulses to peripheral organs.
renal cortex - ✔✔The outer layer of the kidney. renal medulla - ✔✔The innermost part of the kidney. renal pelvis - ✔✔The center of the kidney where urine collects before moving to the ureter renal vein - ✔✔Veins connecting the kidney to the inferior vena cava that drain the kidney and carry blood purified by the kidney. renin - ✔✔An enzyme that regulates arterial blood pressure urea - ✔✔The main nitrogenous part of urine ureter - ✔✔The duct that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder
urinary bladder - ✔✔The structure that stores urine in the body until elimination urine - ✔✔Liquid waste matter excreted by the kidneys barrier - ✔✔A divider between parts of the body. complement - ✔✔The group of proteins in blood serum and plasma that works with antibodies to destroy particulate antigens dendritic cell - ✔✔Antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T-cells. immunoglobulin - ✔✔An antibody innate - ✔✔Inborn macrophage - ✔✔A large white blood
