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Several thousand years ago, science as we know it today ______. - CORRECT ANSWER- - Did not exist Many early philosophers concluded that matter ______. (Select all that apply) A. was composed of atoms B. was composed of earth, water, air, and fire C. was made up of elements such as hydrogen and carbon D. could be endlessly divided into smaller and smaller pieces - CORRECT ANSWER- - B, D Democritus proposed that matter was made up of atoms, which could not be ____________________, _________________, or further divided. - CORRECT ANSWER- - Created, Destroyed Aristotle did not believe that ____________ ______________ could exist. - CORRECT ANSWER- - Empty Space Democritus's ideas were not accepted at the time he proposed them (or for thousands of years afterward) because (Select all that apply) A. Aristotle, one of the most influential Greek philosophers, did not support them. B. Aristotle had superior evidence for his competing ideas.
C. he was unable to back up his ideas with evidence from controlled experiments. D. science as we know it did not exist. - CORRECT ANSWER- - A, C, D Several thousand years ago, people sought after the truth about the nature of matter by ______. (Select all that apply) A. thinking intellectually B. formulating explanations based on life experiences C. asking questions and testing them by scientific methods D. performing controlled experiments - CORRECT ANSWER- - A, B Matter is made up of tiny particles that are indestructible and indivisible. A. Dalton B. Dalton and Democritus C. Aristotle - CORRECT ANSWER- - B Different atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds. A. Dalton B. Dalton and Democritus C. Aristotle - CORRECT ANSWER- - A Matter is made of earth, air, fire, and water. A. Dalton B. Dalton and Aristotle C. Aristotle - CORRECT ANSWER- - C
Dalton's atomic theory supports the law of conservation of mass because in his theory, atoms are not created, ____________, or divided in a chemical reaction. Therefore, the total ____________________before and after the reaction does not change. - CORRECT ANSWER-
- detroyed, mass What is the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element? - CORRECT ANSWER- - atom Which statements about the ideas of Democritus, Aristotle, and Dalton are true? (Select all that apply) A. Aristotle did not accept Democritus's ideas because he did not believe that empty space could exist. B. Aristotle believed that matter was made up of earth, air, fire, and water. C. Both Dalton and Democritus proposed that matter is composed of extremely small particles. D. Both Dalton and Democritus developed their ideas with the aid of controlled experiments. E. Democritus's atomos were indestructible, but Dalton realized that atoms were made up of subatomic particles. - CORRECT ANSWER- - A, B, C It was not until nearly 1900 that scientists began to be able to answer questions about the composition of the ____________________. - CORRECT ANSWER- - atom John Dalton's ideas about matter, which arose from his many experiments in which he studied the mass ratios of elements involved in chemical reactions, are collectively known as _________________ _______________ ________________. - CORRECT ANSWER- - Dalton's Atomic Theory According to Dalton's atomic theory,
A. different atoms of the same element may have different masses. B. atoms are made up of electrons surrounding a nucleus. C. atoms are separated, combined, or rearranged in a chemical reaction. D. matter is composed of earth, air, water, and fire. - CORRECT ANSWER- - C Radiation that originates from the cathode and travels to the anode of a cathode-ray tube is called a(n) ___________________ ___________________. - CORRECT ANSWER- - Cathode ray A(n) ______________ is a negatively charged, fast-moving particle with an extremely small mass that is found in all forms of matter and moves through the empty space surrounding an atom's nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWER- - electron J.J. Thomson's cathode-ray tube experiments in the late 1890s were designed to determine the ratio of an electron's ___________________ to its _____________________. - CORRECT ANSWER- - charge, mass When did scientists begin to be able to answer questions about the composition of the atom? A. early 1800s B. late 1700s C. late 1900s D. late 1800s - CORRECT ANSWER- - D Thomson's cathode ray-tube experiments led to the discovery of which subatomic particle?
- CORRECT ANSWER- - electron A cathode-ray tube (Select all that apply)
Which statement best describes the design of Rutherford's gold foil experiment? A. A sample of gold was heated so much that it emitted alpha particles. Researchers noted the deflection of the alpha particles. B. Alpha particles were fired through gold foil and researchers noted how many of them made it through the foil without being absorbed. C. Electrodes were attached to some gold foil and the resulting electrons were fired through a cathode-ray tube. Their deflection was noted. D. Alpha particles were fired through gold foil. Researchers noted whether the particles were deflected and by how much. - CORRECT ANSWER- - D Through his oil-drop experiments, Millikan was able to determine the ___________ and ________________ of an electron. - CORRECT ANSWER- - charge, mass Who did the gold foil experiment? - CORRECT ANSWER- - Ernest Rutherford The mass of an electron is ______. A. 9.1 × 10-28 g B. 0.00054 g C. 1 amu D. 1.7 × 10-24 g - CORRECT ANSWER- - A What is the extremely small, dense center of an atom that contains the atom's positive charge and almost all of its mass? - CORRECT ANSWER- - nucleus Which describe J.J. Thomson's model of the atom? (Select all that apply) A. It describes the atom as spherical. B. It is sometimes called the "plum pudding model."
C. Its electrons reside in various energy levels. D. Its electrons surround a small, dense nucleus. E. Its positive charge is uniformly distributed. - CORRECT ANSWER- - A, B, E Which are characteristics of Rutherford's model of the atom? (Select all that apply) A. electrons that surround the nucleus in defined energy levels B. a small nucleus that contains almost all of the atom's mass C. a small nucleus that contains the atom's positive charge D. a uniformly-distributed positive charge E. electrons that are held within the atom by their electrical attraction to the nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER- - B, C, E Number these steps of Rutherford's gold foil experiment in order from first (one) to last (four). A. A zinc-sulfide-coated screen produced a flash when struck by an alpha particle B. A narrow beam of alpha particles was aimed at a thin sheet of gold foil C. Researchers could then determine if atoms in the gold foil deflected the alpha particles D. Researchers noted where the flashes occurred - CORRECT ANSWER- - A. 2, B. 1, C. 4, D. 3 Which statement best describes the results of Rutherford's experiments? (Select all that apply) A. Most alpha particles went straight through the gold foil. B. Most alpha particles were absorbed by the gold foil. C. Several particles were deflected straight back toward the source. D. A few particles were deflected at large angles. - CORRECT ANSWER- - A, D
Relative charge = 1-, relative mass = 1/ A. Proton B. Neutron C. Electron - CORRECT ANSWER- - C Relative charge = 0, relative mass = 1 A. Proton B. Neutron C. Electron - CORRECT ANSWER- - B Carbon has an atomic number of 6. Therefore, all neutral carbon atoms have ______ and ______. - CORRECT ANSWER- - 6 protons, 6 electrons What term is used for atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons? - CORRECT ANSWER- - Isotope The atomic number is equal to the number of ____________in an atom. It is also equal to the number of ____________ in an atom. - CORRECT ANSWER- - Protons, Electrons The number that identifies each isotope of an element and is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is the _______________number. - CORRECT ANSWER- - mass In nature, the relative abundance of each isotope of an element is ______. A. almost always constant B. unpredictable and must be determined by experiment C. always constant or always different, depending on the element
D. almost always different - CORRECT ANSWER- - A Which statements about the masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons are true? (Select all that apply) A. The mass of a proton is 1.67 × 10-24 g B. The masses of protons and neutrons are approximately the same. C. The mass of an electron is 1/1840 that of a proton or neutron. D. The mass of a neutron is exactly 1 amu. E. The mass of a proton is exactly 1 amu. - CORRECT ANSWER- - A, B, C Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called __________________ - CORRECT ANSWER- - isotopes One atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as: - CORRECT ANSWER- - 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom The atomic mass of an element is not a whole number because the atomic mass is the weighted __________________ mass of the isotopes of that element, and isotopes have different ________________________. - CORRECT ANSWER- - average, relative abundances High-energy radiation that has no electrical charge and no mass and is not deflected by electric or magnetic fields is called a(n)_____________________ - CORRECT ANSWER- - gamma ray Gamma radiation has a mass of ____________amu and a charge of ___________. - CORRECT ANSWER- - 0, 0
B. each type of radiation behaved differently based on its mass. C. negatively charged radiation was deflected towards the positively charged plate. D. radiation was directed between two electrically charged plates. E. electrically neutral radiation was not deflected towards either plate. - CORRECT ANSWER- - A, C, D, E The change of one or more substances into new substances, involving only an atom's electrons, is a(n)________________ reaction. A reaction that may involve the change of one element into another is a(n) ______________reaction. - CORRECT ANSWER- - Chemical, Nuclear Radiation that is deflected towards a negatively-charged plate when radiation from a radioactive source is directed between two electrically charged plates is called ________________ _________________. - CORRECT ANSWER- - Alpha radiation What is any reaction that involves a change in an atom's nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWER- - nuclear reaction The particles that make up alpha radiation have a ______. (Select all that apply) A. mass of 11840 amu B. charge of 4+ C. a mass of 4 amu D. charge of 1- E. mass of 2 amu F. charge of 2+ - CORRECT ANSWER- - C, F
Radioactive atoms emit radiation because their nuclei ______. - CORRECT ANSWER- - are unstable A particle with two protons and two neutrons that has a 2+ charge, is equivalent to a helium-4 nucleus, and is represented by the symbol α is called a(n)_____________ ___________________. - CORRECT ANSWER- - alpha particle The type of equation shown here is called a(n) ______. 22688Ra ⇝ 22286Rn + α - CORRECT ANSWER- - nuclear equation In the late 1800s, scientists directed radiation between two electrically charged plates. They were able to identify _____________ different types of radiation based on their____________ __________________. - CORRECT ANSWER- - Three, Electric charge Which type of radiation is deflected toward a positively-charged plate when radiation from a radioactive source is directed between two electrically-charged plates? - CORRECT ANSWER- - Beta Radiation Which type of radiation is deflected towards a negatively-charged plate when radiation from a radioactive source is directed between two electrically charged plates? - CORRECT ANSWER- - Alpha Radiation A high-speed electron with a 1- charge that is emitted during radioactive decay is called a(n) _______________ _________________. - CORRECT ANSWER- - beta particle Alpha radiation consists of alpha particles, which have a charge of ________________ and a mass of _________________ amu. - CORRECT ANSWER- - 2+, 4
Describe the brain meninges and the layers - CORRECT ANSWER- - The meninges are three layers of connective tissue membranes that cover and protect central nervous system organs and enclose cerebrospinal fluid. The leathery dura mater is the double-layered outer meninx. The middle arachnoid meninx is a loose layer separated from the dura mater by the subdural space. Beneath the arachnoid meninx is the subarachnoid space which contains blood vessels and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The inner Pia mater meninx is a thin connective tissue tightly attached to the brain. What is the function of the choroid plexus? - CORRECT ANSWER- - producers cerebrospinal fluid What is the blood-brain barrier and how is it maintained? - CORRECT ANSWER- - It is a diffusion barrier which prevents most particles from entering the central nervous system tissue, keeping the brain and spinal cord separate from general blood circulation. It is formed by the relatively impermeable brain capillaries, due to the glial cells astrocytes. Maintenance of the blood-brain barrier is important to provide a stable chemical environment for the nervous system. A stable internal environment is important to protect neurons from chemical variations which could cause uncontrollable firing of neurons. Describe the cerebrum - CORRECT ANSWER- - It is the foremost part of the brain and the largest part of the brain. It consists of two large masses called the left and right cerebral hemispheres. What is the median longitudinal fissure? - CORRECT ANSWER- - It separates the left and right hemispheres from one another. Raised ridges on the cerebrum are called - CORRECT ANSWER- - Gyri The _______ separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. - CORRECT ANSWER- - the transverse fissure
The outer portion of the cerebral hemispheres is called the _____ and is highly convoluted and gray in color - CORRECT ANSWER- - cerebral cortex Describe the functions of the lobes of the cerebrum - CORRECT ANSWER- - The frontal lobe controls higher level executive functions such as reasoning and decision making. The frontal lobe also controls motor functions and permits control over voluntary muscle actions. The parietal lobe receives sensory information from receptors in the mouth for taste and located in the skin, such as lose for touch, pressure, and pain. The occipital lobe interprets visual input. The temporal lobe has sensory areas for hearing and smelling What is the difference between a primary area and an association area in the brain? - CORRECT ANSWER- - Primary areas in each lobe receive information for one type of sensory information. Association areas act mainly to integrate more than one type of sensory information for purposeful action. List the three major parts of the brain stem - CORRECT ANSWER- - The brain stem is made up of the mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongata How is the medulla oblongata involved with the heart and lungs - CORRECT ANSWER- - The medulla oblongata regulates heartbeat and breathing. How is the pons involved with the eyes and ears? - CORRECT ANSWER- - The pons regulates head movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli The superior and inferior colliculi are located on the posterior portion of the _____ - CORRECT ANSWER- - midbrain How is the hypothalamus involved with the entire internal environment of the body and the endocrine system - CORRECT ANSWER- - The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis, the constancy of the internal environment and controls the pituitary gland and serves as a link between the nervous and endocrine systems
Explain why emotional memories tend to be vivid. - CORRECT ANSWER- - The involvement of the limbic system explains why emotionally charged events result in our most vivid memories. The fact that the limbic system communicates with the all the sensory areas accounts for the ability of a sensory stimulus to awaken a complex memory. True or False: Memories are stored in one specific location in the brain. - CORRECT ANSWER- - false The putamen, the caudate nucleus, the Globus pallidus (medial and lateral) are all parts of the ______. - CORRECT ANSWER- - basal ganglia Describe the spinal cord and its extension. - CORRECT ANSWER- - The spinal cord extends from the brain stem to the first lumbar vertebra where it officially terminates as the conus medullaris. The extension of the cord beyond L1 is a collection of nerve roots called the cauda equina which runs to its end at the coccyx. What is the function of the spinal cord? How is this accomplished? - CORRECT ANSWER- - The spinal cord (and its extension) is how all impulses travel between the brain and the rest of the body by way of the set of 31 pairs of spinal nerves List the 3 protections for the spinal cord. - CORRECT ANSWER- - Like the brain, the spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. Describe the 3 spinal cord meninges and their associated issues and fluids. - CORRECT ANSWER- - The outer meninx, a single layer called the spinal dural (mater) sheath is separated from the vertebral column by a cushioning fat-filled epidural space. The space between the middle arachnoid and inner pia mater meninges is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Why is a spinal tap performed in the subarachnoid space inferior to L1? - CORRECT ANSWER- - Because the cord ends at L1, the cerebrospinal filled subarachnoid space inferior to this point is the location chosen to perform a spinal tap removal of fluid for diagnos!c testing. Identiy the parts of the spinal cord shown in the diagram below: #1, 5, 9, 13: - CORRECT ANSWER- - 1 = Anterior horn, 5= Lateral column, 9 = Posterior median sulcus, 13= Dorsal root ganglion Describe the composition of the gray mater of the spinal cord. - CORRECT ANSWER- - The gray mater of the cord is composed of multipolar neurons and supporting cells. Describe the composition of the white mater of the spinal cord. - CORRECT ANSWER- - The white mater of the cord is composed of myelinated and un- myelinated nerve fibers. Describe the function of the white mater of the spinal cord. - CORRECT ANSWER- - The white mater fibers of the spinal cord are composed of ascending tracts that proceed up to the brain carrying sensory inputs and descending tracts that proceed down to (or within) the cord carrying motor outputs What does visceral motor mean? What division of the nervous system contains visceral motor nerves? - CORRECT ANSWER- - The nerves in the autonomic system are called visceral motor when they control smooth muscles or involuntary functions. How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have and what do most of them (except for one) control? - CORRECT ANSWER- - Humans have twelve pairs of cranial nerves most of which control the head, neck, and face For each of the following cranial nerves, list its name, type and what it controls. 1- 12 - CORRECT ANSWER- - 1st - Olfactory - Sensory - Sense of smell 2nd - Optic - Sensory - Sense of sight
