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NSG 5003 Final week 10 REAL EXAM
(QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS)
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Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated apoptosis and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases? Autoimmune and malignant disorders Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells? The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium The loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to swell because of the influx of sodium chloride Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease Free Radicals cause cell damage by: Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production. What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis. Which statement is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis? Programmed cell death of scattered, single cells During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs within the cell because Sodium chloride enters the cell What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion? Hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and water. In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because ATP is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell. What is the cause of free calcium in the cytosol that damages cell membranes by uncontrolled enzyme activation? Depletion of ATP normally pumps calcium from the cell.
In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells' resting membrane potential? Hypopolarization The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances? Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate: A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis. Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance? Hypocalcemia An excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids can result in: Hypophosphatemia The most common cause of hypermagnesemia is: Renal failure
The existence of hyperkalemia is likely to result in which changes to a person's electrocardiogram (ECG)? Peaked T waves Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages? Complement cascade We have an expert-written solution to this problem! What is an outcome of the complement cascade? Lysis of bacterial cell membranes The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to: Tag of pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages. What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis? Recognition, engulfment, fusion, destruction In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to release: Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation
After sexual transmission of HIV, a person can be infected yet seronegative for how many months? 6 to 14 What organism is a common sexually transmitted bacterial infection? Treponema pallidum Apoptosis is Normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct when growth is excessive Which cell is the body's primary defense against parasite invasion? Eosinophil Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen? Active-acquired immunity Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory secretions? IgA Which antibody initially indicates a typical primary immune response?
IgM An individual is more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes when he or she has a seriously low level of which immunoglobulin antibody? IgA Vaccinations are able to provide protection against certain microorganisms because of the: Level of protection provided by IgG Evaluation of umbilical cord blood can confirm that which immunoglobulin level is near adult levels? IgG Which statement is true concerning the IgM? IgM is the first antibody produced during the initial response to an antigen. The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which class of immunoglobulins? IgE Which type of antibody is involved in type I hypersensitivity reaction?
I
Considering the hypothalamus, a fever is produced by: Endogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus. Which statement about vaccines is true? Vaccines require booster injections to maintain lifelong protection. Vaccines against viruses are created from: Live organisms weakened to produce antigens Which hormone increases the formation of glucose from amino acids and free fatty acids? Cortisol The action of which hormone helps explain increases in affective anxiety and eating disorders, mood cycles, and vulnerability to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in women as a result of stimulation of the CRH gene promoter and central norepinephrine system? Estrogen What effect does estrogen have on lymphocytes?
Depression of T cell functions and enhancement of B cell functions Which individual is at risk for developing lung and respiratory tract cancers because of exposure to known cancer-inducing environmental factors? (Select all that apply.) A patient whose partner smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes a day A 10-year employee of an asbestos fiber manufacturer A farmer whose equipment is primarily driven by diesel engines A 10-year delivery employee for a paper manufacturing company Blood pressure variations are associated with: The renin-angiotensin system's effect on vasoconstriction The risk of developing coronary artery disease is increased up to threefold by which factor? Hypertension Ventricular dilation and grossly impaired systolic function, leading to dilated heart failure, characterize which form of cardiomyopathy? Congestive What is the most common cardiac disorder associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Left heart failure
Emphysema Which condition is a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury? Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Which structure(s) in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) release inflammatory mediators such as proteolytic enzymes, oxygen-free radicals, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and platelet-activating factor? Neutrophils In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), alveoli and respiratory bronchioles fill with fluid as a result of which mechanism? Inactivation of surfactant and the impairment of type II alveolar cells We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Which immunoglobulin (Ig) may contribute to the pathophysiologic characteristics of asthma IgE Clinical manifestations of inspiratory and expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, nonproductive cough, and tachypnea are indicative of which condition? Asthma
Which factor contributes to the production of mucus associated with chronic bronchitis? Increased Goblet cell size Clinical manifestations of decreased exercise tolerance, wheezing, shortness of breath, and productive cough are indicative of which respiratory disorder? Chronic bronchitis Clinical manifestations that include unexplained weight loss, dyspnea on exertion, use of accessory muscles, and tachypnea with prolonged expiration are indicative of which respiratory disorder? Emphysema Clinical manifestations of inspiratory crackles, increased tactile fremitus, egophony, and whispered pectoriloquy are indicative of which respiratory condition? Pneumonia What medical term is used to identify the presence of pus in the pleural space? Empyema Bronchiolitis tends to occur during the first years of life and is most often caused by what type of infection?
pyelonephritis is usually by which type of organism bacteria A patient exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood cells casts and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/day, with albumin as the major protein. These data suggest presence of which disorder Glomerulonephritis Which viurs is a precursor for developing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer human papillomavirus (HPV) Which benign breast tumor affects postmenopausal women and is characterized by the principal lactiferous ducts becoming dilated and filled with cellular debris Mammary duct ectasia What is the primary site for uncomplicated local gonocci infection in men Urethra How does an established gonoccal infection usually express itself in newborns bilateral corneal ulceration
In which stage of syphilis would the following clinical manifestation be found: destructive skin, bone and soft tissue lesions, aneurysms, heart failure, and neurosyphlis? Tertiary Which statement provides the most accurate information regarding the transmission of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections? Acyclovir (Zovirax) Which of the following causes condylomata acuminate or genital warts? Human Papillomavirus (HPV) The concentration of the final urine is determined by the anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), which is secreted by which gland? Posterior pituitary Pain that warns of actual or impending tissue injury is referred to as what? Acute Pricking one's finger with a needle would cause minimal pain, whereas experiencing abdominal surgery would produce more pain. This distinction is an example of which pain theory? Specificity theory
What does polycythenia at birth indicate hypoxia in utero What is the primary cause of the symptoms of polycythemia vera Increased blood viscosity Treatment for polycythemia vera involves which of the following therapeutic phlebotomy and radioactive phosphourus Which type of anemia occurs as a result of thalassemia Microcytic, hypochromic What change is observed in leukocytes during an allergic disorder (type I hypersensitivity) often caused by asthma, hay fever, and drug reactions eosinophilia In infectious mononucleosis (IM) what does the monospot test detect Immunoglobulin M (IgM) What is the most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infection
Escherichia coli What differentiating sign is required to make the diagnosis of pyelonephritis from that of cystitis Urinalysis confimation of whit blood cell cast What part of the kidney controls renal blood flow, glomerular filtration and renin secretion Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) What is the functional unit of the kidney called nephron What is the fundamental defect that results in beta-thalassemia major A severe uncoupling of a - and B- chain synthesis occurs what is the cause of polycythemia in the fetus Increased erythropoiesis occurs in response to the hypoxic intrauterine environment Which anemia produces small, pale erythrocytes iron deficiency
