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AVIA 340 CASE STUDY FLIGHT 1420 2026
FINAL SCRIPT COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
โ ___________ _________ increases the likelihood of cloud formation. Answer: Condensation Nuclei โ Relative humidity is a number that tells you how much _________ the air is holding in relation to how much it could theoretically hold at its current __________, Answer: Water vapor, Temperature โ Cooling the air ____ its relative humidity Answer: increases โ Heating the air ______ its relative humidity. Answer: Decreases (If the dewpoint remained the same) โ Dewpoint Answer: The temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated. โ Meteorologists refer to the actual temperature difference between the temperature and dewpoint as the ________-________ _____. Answer: temperature-dewpoint spread
โ Fog formation can occur with temperature-dewpoint spreads of as much as ________ degrees F. Also, water vapor condenses more easily when the air contains an abundance of ______________. Answer: 6 F, Condensation Nuclei โ It's the ________ of the earth that heats or cools the air directly Answer: Surface of the earth โ Radiosonde Answer: an instrument carried by balloon or other means to various levels of the atmosphere and transmitting measurements by radio. Measures winds aloft & temperature lapse rate โ Super lapse rate Answer: Super heated air within 5 feet which occurs from direct heating of the earth's surface. โ What are the two types of temperature inversions? Answer: Surface inversion - warm air from the surface to a certain altitude.
- clear calm nights, moisture absorbs the heat and radiates it to the earth again.
โ Inversions aloft are caused by _________ air moving horizontally over _________ air or by air aloft that is descending and ________ by comparison. Answer: Warmer, colder, heated โ When warm, _______ air subsides (lowers) into the cool, moist inflow of air from the ocean, _______ forms. Answer: High pressure, an inversion aloft โ Standard Environmental/Ambient Lapse Rate Answer: 3.5 F or 2 C per 1,000 feet FAA wants you to know this number, but it's really a fiction, it's basically just an average of the ambient temperature lapse rates. โ unsaturated lapse rate Answer: 3 C or 5.5 F per 1,000 feet โ The environmental lapse rate determines the ________ of the atmosphere Answer: Stability (This is why looking at the winds aloft forecast is a good indication if the air is going to be stable or not!)
โ Latent heat Answer: When clouds form, heat is released as water goes from vapor to visible moisture. The water molecules shed heat, saturated parcels of air cools at a slower rate. โ Saturated cooking rate Answer: 2 - 5 F per 1, โ Very moist air is called Answer: Conditionally unstable air; caused by the latent heat released within the cloud which causes it to slow at a lower ambient lapse rate. โ On weather maps, high pressure and low-pressure systems are represented by a series of contour lines called Answer: Isobars โ Isobars connect areas of Answer: equal barometric pressure โ Because of these two forces - pressure gradient and the Coriolis force, air circulation around a high or low flows___________ to the isobars instead of ____________them. Answer: Parallel, Across
โ Warm front slopes typically range between _________ and _________ with an average of ____________. Answer: 1/50, 1/200, 1/ โ Fast-moving cold fronts can generate squall lines ________ to ________miles in advance of and parallel to the front. Answer: 30, 180 โ Cold frontal slopes range on a meteorological scale of ___________(steep) to _____________ (not too steep) and average about ______________. Answer: 1/50, 1/150, 1/ โ The science of how fronts form is known as Answer: Frontogenesis โ The gentleness of warm frontal lifting produces _________ type clouds. These clouds can hide thunderstorms known as _________ thunderstorms. Answer: stratiform, embedded โ The cold air falls, _________as it descends. You can expect __________turbulence and high-velocity downdrafts beneath virga. Answer: picking up speed, moderate โ Very stable air, moving above the level of surface friction, usually flows in a _______or ________ layered pattern. Answer: laminar, smooth
โ Directly over the mountain top, a or above the rough mountain surface forms Answer: pileus, cap cloud โ Possible mountain wave turbulence could be anticipated when winds of 40 knots or greater blow Answer: across a mountain ridge, and the air is stable โ One way to minimize the risk if you are uncertain of conditions is to approach a ridge at a ________ degree angle. Answer: 45 โ The formation of frost can reduce lift by as much as ____% and increase drag by as much as ____% Answer: Reduce lift by as much as 30% and increase drag byas much as 40% โ Clear Ice Answer: forms when after an initial impact, the remaining liquid portion of the supercooled water droplet flows over the aircraft's surface gradually freezing as a smooth solid sheet of ice. Rain or in Cumulus Clouds Bigger Supercooled water droplets
Solar heating of the earth after sunrise tends to _________ radiation fog. Answer: 5, higher, dissipate โ Advection fog is sometimes called Answer: sea fog โ Advection fog deepens when winds increase to about knots Answer: 15 โ Warm rain, falling through cooler air, can bring the air to the point of _________, forming precipitation-induced fog. Commonly associated with _________, it can occur in slow-moving cold fronts and stationary fronts. Answer: saturation, warm fronts โ Low-level turbulence can occur and icing can become hazardous in which type of fog? Answer: Steam fog โ cyclone Answer: Low pressure, counter-clockwise โ Real weather briefing Answer: 1. Get the big picture (Low pressure areas)
- Locate the fronts
- Get everything else
โ Numerical weather prediction models Answer: Use complex math equations to generate weather forecasts
- Radiosonde data
- Satellite Data
- Metar
- Surface
- Radar โ Model Output Statistics (MOS) Answer: Compares model data with past observations to correct known model errors and generate more accurate weather forecasts.
- Forecasts winds, temperature, dewpoint, precipitation, sky cover, and the probability of thunderstorms out to 8 days.
- Builds on the numerical models to provide a simplified text forecast
- There are over 2,000 MOS forecast sites throughout the U.S.
- Variable winds โ Three types of imagery Answer: 1. Water vapor imagery
- Visible imagery
- Infrared imagery โ Visible Imagery Satellite Answer: Displays the brightness temperatures of clouds Can only be used during the day โ Infrared imagery (satellite) Answer: Uses temperature of target samples Clouds are typically colder than the earth l IR imagery is helpful for showing the contrasts between the clouds, the earth, and the cloud layers Infrared satellite imagery is available 24/
Yellow and green areas are where temperatures are below freezing but may contain supercooled water droplets. โ Water vapor imagery (satellite) Answer: Measures presence and movement of water vapor in the middle and upper levels of the troposphere. This is where most weather occurs, and where most aircraft are flying Water vapor is shown between altitudes of 15,000 and 45,000 feet โ
