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This lecture was delivered by Prof. Sanam Kabir at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad (PIEAS) for Material Thermodynamics course. It includes: Materials, Thermodynamics, Mechanical, Engines, Chemical, Reaction, Systems, Thermal, Equilibrium, State, Functions
Typology: Slides
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Natural and artificial thermal effects
The
name
Thermodynamics
was
introduced
in
1850 by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)
Mechanical Engines
In
metallurgy
and
chemistry
the
aim
is
the
determination of the effect of environment on thestate of rest (equilibrium state), of a given systemusually ‘a chemical reaction systems’
3
^
Zeroth Law^
Thermal equilibrium
^
First Law^
Relationship between heat and work Law of conservation of energy
^
Second Law^
Degradation of energy Maximum possible work Perpetual motion of first and second kind
^
Third Law^
Absolute entropy and absolute zero Importance of homogeneous substance and complete internalequilibrium
5
State Functions and Path Integrals ^
Notice the difference between d and
These are differential and del
Thermodynamic functions with which we can used are State Functions and Path Independent
^
These are integratable within limits ^
Examples: P, V, T, U, S, G, A, H etc ^
Differential form: dP, dV, dT, dU, dS, dG, dA, dH
Heat and Work are not state functions, these arePath Integrals
6
dU = TdS – PdV
dH = TdS + VdP
dG = -SdT + VdP
dA = -SdT – PdV CLOSED SYSTEM
i
8
Common Enthalpy Problems
^
Type 1 (Thermochemistry and its application in Metallurgy)
Heat of Reaction
^
Heat of Formation
^
Heat of Combustion
^
Heat of Solution
^
Type 2 (Addition of reactions, change of steps)
Use of Hess’ Law
^
Type 3 (Variation of Enthalpy Change with Temperature)
Heat Required to Raise the T from 25°C
^
Material Balance Problems
^
Type 4
Maximum Flame Temperature
Reference [86 UPA]
At 25°C (298K)
