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Review: Basic X-Ray Machine Operator Certification
What are the Characteristics of x-rays? - ANSWER - 1. have no mass
- are electrically neutral
- travel in straight lines
- X-rays produce biologic changes in tissues
- X-rays are a form of electromagnetic energy The organization that sets standards and prepares examinations necessary to certify radiologic technologists and limited operators is the: - ANSWER - American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) The radiation that exits the opposite side of the patient to expose the image receptor (IR) is called? - ANSWER - Remnant radiation The term used to describe radiation that is absorbed by matter is: - ANSWER - Attenuation The "unseen" image that is contained in the image receptor (IR) before it is processed is called the: - ANSWER - Latent image
The radiation that exits the body in all directions and causes unwanted exposure on the image receptor (IR) as well as anyone who is in the room is called __________ radiation. - ANSWER - Scattered The radiation that exits the x-ray tube and travels in-air to the patient is called: - ANSWER - Primary The oldest and largest radiologic science professional organization is the: - ANSWER - American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) The boxlike device attached under the tube housing that allows the operator to vary the size of the radiation field is called the: - ANSWER - Collimator An invisible line in the center of the x-ray beam and perpendicular to the long axis of the x-ray tube is called the: - ANSWER - Central Ray An exposure time of 0.02 seconds is equal to how many milliseconds? - ANSWER - 20 ms When 62 kVp is increased by 30%, the result is approximately: - ANSWER - 81
In radiology, 80,000 volts is converted to: (commonly used unit) - ANSWER - 80 kVp The target and the filament in the x-ray tube are made of: - ANSWER - Tungsten Electrons are made available in the filament of the x-ray tube by a process called: - ANSWER - Thermionic emission The anode in the x-ray tube rotates at a high RPM for what reason: - ANSWER - Dissipate the heat The target in the x-ray tube is angled to affect the: - ANSWER - heat capacity sharpness of the image The intensity of the x-ray beam is greatest at the: - ANSWER - Cathode end of the beam The penetrating power of the x-ray beam is controlled by varying the: - ANSWER - kVp
If the mA is doubled, the x-ray photons emitted from the tube: - ANSWER - Double The x-ray tube inside the protective housing is made of: - ANSWER - Pyrex glass What material is used as the added filter material in x-ray tubes? - ANSWER - Aluminum What percentage of the total energy applied to an x-ray tube target is converted into x-rays? - ANSWER - 1% (99% is converted into heat) The density in the radiographic image is primarily controlled by the: - ANSWER - mA Which part of the X-ray circuit supplies and controls the heat required by the x-ray tube for thermionic emission of electrons? - ANSWER - Filament circuit How many detectors are contained in an automatic exposure control (AEC) device in an x-ray table? - ANSWER - 3
The variation in tissue densities within the patient is called: - ANSWER - Subject contrast The overall contrast seen in the radiographic image is referred to as: - ANSWER - Radiographic contrast What are examples of shape distortion? - ANSWER - foreshortening elongation The unsharp edges of a body part are called: - ANSWER - Penumbra 3 body functions that are considered involuntary motion? - ANSWER - 1. tremors
- peristalsis
- heartbeats Quantum mottle is typically seen on the radiographic image when there is: - ANSWER - low mA, low kVp The primary controlling factor of penetration of x-rays is: - ANSWER - kVp
The term used to replace density is: - ANSWER - Brightness The geometric factors that affect the formation of the image are: - ANSWER - 1. SID
- OID
- Focal spot When using computed radiography (CR), where is the latent image stored until it is processed? - ANSWER - IR Plate
- photostimulable phosphor plate Digital imaging requires that the exposure technique is accurately set. Which of the following is the most critical of the exposure factors? - ANSWER - kVp One of the major advantages of using CR or DR systems is the: - ANSWER - The ability to see images very fast (right away) All of the digital images made in an x-ray department are stored in a system called the: - ANSWER - PACS Picture Archiving and Communicating System
Grid cut-off will occur when: - ANSWER - the grid is tilted when the SID is out of focal range Scattered radiation has ________ energy than primary radiation. - ANSWER - Less What is the principal source of scatter radiation in radiography? - ANSWER - Patient What factors would you see on an exposure technique chart? - ANSWER
- kVp, mAs part thickness in cm The use of 200 mA and 0.12 sec would result in __________ mAs. - ANSWER - 24 Which of the following pathological conditions would require an increase in exposure technique? - ANSWER - Pleural effusion - (increase in fluid volume)
Which of the following pathological conditions would require a decrease in exposure technique? - ANSWER - Pneumothorax - (abnormal increase in air) Which of the following grids would have a higher grid factor and therefore a high mAs? - ANSWER - 16:1 ratio How much of a change in mAs is needed if there is a 2-cm increase in the part size? - ANSWER - 30% What is the SI unit of exposure which measures radiation in air? - ANSWER - Rad (rad) The SI unit for measuring absorbed dose is the: - ANSWER - Gray (Gy-t) Patient doses in radiography as usually calculated as the: - ANSWER - Absorbed dose (Gy-t) What protective equipment would be used to reduce the likelihood of genetic radiation effects? - ANSWER - Gonad Shields Where on the body are radiation dosimeters worn? - ANSWER - At the collar and anterior portion of the body
What is a condyle? - ANSWER - A rounded process that forms part of a joint What term describes movement of a part away from the central axis of the body? (away from midline) - ANSWER - Abduction What term describes straightening of a joint? - ANSWER - extension What does supination mean? - ANSWER - To turn the wrist so that the palm of the hand is up Describe what the anatomical position is: - ANSWER - Standing facing the observer with palms of hands turned forward and toes facing anteriorly What is the meaning of the term cephalic? - ANSWER - Toward the head What term refers to the back portion of the body or body part? - ANSWER - Posterior Which plane divides the body into equal right and left halves? - ANSWER - Midsagittal
Which plane divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves?
- ANSWER - Midcoronal Which term describes the body position when the patient is lying on his or her back? - ANSWER - Supine For the prone position, the patient must be placed ____? - ANSWER - In a recumbent position on his or her stomach What term is used to describe the path of the CR from the radiographic tube, through the patient and to the IR? - ANSWER - X-ray Projection What is indicated by a radiographic side marker? - ANSWER - The side of the patient (L or R) What term refers to the condition in which the tissue of a bone is broken or disrupted? - ANSWER - Fracture Which of the following is the medical term for swelling? - ANSWER - Edema What is the term that means the IR is oriented, so its long dimension is aligned with the long axis of the body - ANSWER - Lengthwise
Which surface of the hand should be in contact with the IR when performing a routine lateral projection? - ANSWER - Medial What is the position of the wrist when performing the PA oblique projection? - ANSWER - Coronal plane of wrist at 45° angle to IR with anteromedial surface on IR Which of the following are bones of the forearm? - ANSWER - Radius and Ulna What is the position of the arm when performing the AP projection of the forearm? - ANSWER - Elbow extended, wrist and elbow parallel to IR, hand supinated What is the relationship between the humeral epicondyles and the IR to achieve a proper lateral projection of the humerus? - ANSWER - perpendicular Which projection of the shoulder will demonstrate an open glenohumeral joint space and the glenoid process in profile? - ANSWER
- AP oblique projection (Grashey method)
What is the relationship between the coronal plane through the humeral epicondyles and the IR to achieve a proper AP projection of the elbow? - ANSWER - Parallel What is the projection name for the Gaynor-Hart method performed to evaluate the carpal canal? - ANSWER - Tangential projection What is the CR centering point for the AP projections of the shoulder? - ANSWER - To a point 1 inch inferior to the coracoid process What is the degree and direction of CR angulation required to perform an AP axial projection of the clavicle? - ANSWER - 15 - 30 degrees cephalad The forefoot is composed of which bones? - ANSWER - Phalanges and metatarsals What tarsal bone is commonly referred to as the "heel bone"? - ANSWER - Calcaneus What is the anatomical name for the bone commonly known as the kneecap? - ANSWER - Patella
lateral projection, to accomplish a complete radiographic examination?
- ANSWER - PA oblique projection For an AP oblique projection of the ankle mortise joint, how much is the ankle rotated medially? - ANSWER - 15 - 20 degrees The cervical spine is composed of what number of vertebrae? - ANSWER - 7 What is the term for the cylinder block-like, anterior portion of a typical vertebra? - ANSWER - Body Why is a 72-inch SID used for the lateral projection of the cervical spine? - ANSWER - This SID helps to overcome the magnification caused by the increased OID of the position What angle and direction is the CR directed when performing an AP axial projection of the cervical spine? - ANSWER - 15° cephalad Which projection of the lumbar spine demonstrates the "Scottie dog" configuration of the zygapophyseal joint? - ANSWER - Oblique
What positioning technique is used to improve patient comfort and reduce the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine when performing a recumbent AP projection of the lumbar spine? - ANSWER - Flexing the patient's knees and placing a support under them Which region of the spine is the most common site of pathologic compression fracture of vertebral bodies resulting from osteoporosis? - ANSWER - Thoracic What term is used to describe an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine? - ANSWER - Scoliosis How much and in which direction is the central ray angled for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine? - ANSWER - 15 degrees cephalad What is the common name for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region of the spine? - ANSWER - Swimmer's technique How much is the patient rotated for an AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine? - ANSWER - 45 degrees What anatomic term is used to describe the inferior, lateral "corners" of the lungs? - ANSWER - Costophrenic angles
