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Geology 364
Stratigraphy and Basin Analysis
Test Number One Test Number One
Philosophical Foundations and Facies Elements
The test is a mixture of scantron, computer graded questions, and short answer questions (structure identification at the back). Answer True/False and Multiple Choice question on the scantron card. Answer short answer questions on the page at the back.
PHILOSOPHICAL
FOUNDATIONS:
RIGHTS MINUS WRONGS
M U L T I P L E C H O I C E
QUESTIONS: 3 points
each, 24 points total. In
the box to the right are 15
choices you can use for the
questions below. Of the 15 choices in each box, choose only the one which answers the
question. Leave all others blank.
Identify the individual who developed the syllogistic deductive argument. Leave other spaces blank.
- 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E
- 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E
- 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E
Identify the individual who argued we are born with knowledge of the truth. Leave other spaces blank.
- 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E
- 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E
- 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E
Identify the individual who argued that there are two truths, one because we know it to be true in our soul, and one derived logically. Leave the other 14 spaces blank.
- 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E
- 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E
- 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E
Identify the specific method used by Plato to discover true knowledge. Leave the other 14 spaces blank.
- 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E
- 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E
- 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E
SELECT FROM THESE 1A Aquinas, St. Thomas 1B Aristotle 1C Augustine, St. 1D Bacon, Francis 1E Deduction
2A Descartes, Rene 2B Dialectic 2C Empirical 2D Hume, David 2E Induction
3A Kuhn, Thomas 3B Newton, Isaac 3C Plato 3D Popper, Karl 3E Syllogism
Identify the individual who brought together induction and mathematical deduction to discover Truth (so he thought) in the natural world. Leave the other 14 spaces blank.
- 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E
- 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E
- 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E
Identify the individual who first argued that just because we experience with our senses that “B follows A” does not mean necessarily that “B must follow A.” Leave the other 14 spaces blank.
- 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E
- 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E
- 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E
Identify the individual who first argued that induction is flawed because it is invalid to argue from “some to all.” Leave the other 14 spaces blank.
- 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E
- 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E
- 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E
Identify the individual who argued that since science is incapable of finding Truth the goal of science should be to disprove its theories as fast as possible so that by finding out what is not true we may approach what is true. Leave the other 14 spaces blank.
- 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E
- 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E
- 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS; 2 points each, 130 points total:
- T/F. Science as a method of investigating the natural world has moved beyond myths.
- T/F. The argument below is neither true nor valid. Pigs are animals with wings No animals with wings can fly Therefore pigs can't fly
- T/F. This syllogism could be true, but is definitely not valid. Gnawbone is east of Needmore Needmore is east of Stony Lonesome Thus, Gnawbone is east of Stony Lonesome
- T/F. The psychological defect in deduction is that we can never make an observation without it biasing the way in which we make the next observation.
- T/F. In the “To and Fro” model of science by Jacob Bronowski, induction must come before deduction.
- T/F. Karl Popper argued that what makes a scientific theory powerful were the number of confirming observations we have that it in fact accurately explains.
- T/F. Scientific models can only be constructed for real world conditions.
A B
C
D
F
E
G H
Skewness
Standard Deviation
Questions apply to environmental drawing
62. T/F. Sediment at location A is
most likely to have a Poisson
distribution.
63. T/F. Sediment at location B is
most likely to be
positively skewed.
64. T/F. Sediment at location D is
most likely to be
normally distributed.
65. T/F. Sediment at location F is
most likely to be positively skewed.
Questions for CM diagram
66. T/F. Beach sediments are positively
skewed because beach sorting is more efficient than in a river.
67. T/F. The wacke nature of a river
sediment shows up as a larger
standard deviation.
68. T/F. Small standard deviations and high
skewness are most typical of the
beach.
Composition
- T/F. A rock of composition B would most likely show up in a short system.
- T/F. A rock of composition C requires a rift system to form.
- T/F. A rock of composition D would reasonably show up in the tectonic situation shown in the cross section below.
Color
- T/F. Iron is so important as a rock coloring agent because it exists in two valence states.
- T/F. All iron colors in sedimentary rocks are the result of the Fe+3^ oxidation state.
- T/F. Based on the geochemistry of iron it is probably true that primary red beds are never deposited.
- T/F. The paleomagnetic signature of a sedimentary rock influences the way we interpret the color of that sediment.
- T/F. The older a sedimentary rock is the less likely it is to be red in color due to the diagenetic alteration of the iron compounds.
- T/F. In a sequence of alternating fluvial sandstone and shales, where the sandstones are paler red than the shales, the difference is due to the greater porosity of the sandstones.
- T/F. Green colors observed in sandstone are the result of the sandstone having been originally deposited below sea level.
- T/F. It would be reasonable to say that all the sediments entering the Catskill clastic wedge began in a state that would become red, and that all non-red beds are the result of secondary alteration.
- T/F. The drawing is a cross section through a point bar sequence. We would expect locations A and C to go red but not the sediments at B.
Flow Regime Theory
- T/F. The sequence of cross beds to the right could be explained this way: Up section velocity increases and flow separation decreases.
- T/F. Or alternatively, they could be explained this way: Up section water shallows and flow separation increases.
- T/F. Encroachment is most likely to take place on the stoss side of a ripple.
- T/F. In the upper flow regime both the bed form and the water form are in phase, except when we start to get chute and pool conditions.
- T/F. Finer grained sediment, less than fine sand, will be more easily eroded than coarser sand because the smaller grains are easier for turbulence to lift.
- T/F. Flow regime transitions are always accompanied by a phase of turbulence.
- T/F. In drift climbing ripples are favored by lower suspension load and higher velocities than in phase climbing ripples.
- T/F. Oscillation ripples have no upper flow regime components.
RIGHTS MINUS WRONGS: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: 3 points each, 54 points total.
Flow Regime Structures
On the next page is a flow regime diagram with the various flow regime fields identified by letter.
Surrounding the diagram are drawings or pictures of sedimentary structures. For each “Specimen
Number” listed below identify the letter on flow regime diagram that corresponds. If more than one
applied, that is the structure can form in more than one flow regime, identify all that apply.
Specimen 1. Identify all locations on the flow regime diagram that correspond to the structure.
- A B C D E
- F G H I J
- K L M N O = none of the above.
A
B
C
D
E
Paleocurrents
- T/F. Rose B would best explain the direction of ripple crests.
- T/F. Rose E would best explain a complex system like a beach nearshore set of environments.
- T/F. It is probably acceptable to mix together current direction data for structures that formed in the same flow regime.
SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURE/BEDFORM IDENTIFICATION: SHORT ANSWER; 5 points each, 130 points total: On the next three pages are pictures of sedimentary structures. You are to write on the line below the name or identification of each structure. Interpretations will be docked points. < Be as accurate, precise, and complete in your names as you can be. It may be as simple as a single word answer, but if discrimination is required then do so. < If nothing is marked with a box or circle then identify the main structure in the picture. < In some pictures I have circled or boxed the specific structure(s) I want you to identify. < Repeats of structures are possible < I know some of the pictures are lousy, but everyone is in the same boat so just do the best you can with what is available. Nature is sometimes no better at giving us evidence to work with.
1A
1B
12A
18A (Bedform)
18B (Internal structure)
